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3.1° 



Gotton Mill Machinery 
Calculations. 

A Gomplete, Comprehensive and Practical Treat- 
ment of all Necessary Calculations on 

Cotton Carding and Spinning Machines. 

BY — 



B; M. PARKER, B. s. 

Asst. Professor, Carding and Spinning, Textile Dept. 
N. G. College of A. & M Arts. 



PRICE $1.50 



Published by B. M. PARKER, 

WEST RALEIGH, N. C. 



WASHBURN PRESS 

(hay PRINTING CO. J 
CHARLOTTE. N C. 



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Preface. 

This book is intended to fill what, to the Author, has been a 
long-felt want, that is, a book that would give the practical calcula- 
tions that are needed in running a cotton mill, from pickers to 
looms, in a simple, straight-forward manner, so as to be easily 
understood and mastered by any one who understands simple 
arithmetic. 

It is ; in great part, a reprint of a series of articles that were 
written for and printed by "Cotton" during the years 1911 and 
1912, being entirely revised and somewhat enlarged, with the addi- 
tion of numerous tables scattered throughout its length, and cov- 
ering practically all the calculations, simple and otherwise, that 
any one would ever need in handling a modern mill. 

Wherever possible, long tedious descriptions of individual 
mechanisms, peculiar to some one make or type of machine, have 
been omitted, as this was not the object in writing the book, but 
no pains have been spared to make the calculations complete yet 
simple and easily understood. 

As will be noticed, the tables occurring at the end of the dif- 
ferent chapters of the book, are mostly taken from the catalogues 
of some of the cotton mill machine builders and the Author wishes 
here to express his appreciation of their kindness in allowing the 
use of such tables. 

Criticisms of this work, made in a spirit of friendliness, will 
be gladly received, as it is almost impossible to prevent the occur- 
rence of a few mistakes. 

With the above remarks, the work is submitted for the 
approval of the public and with the hope that it will be the means 
of bringing a more thorough understanding of the calculations 
used in the mill to some who have found them a little puzzling. 

The Author. 

West Raleigh, N. C. 
October, 1912. 



Copyrighted February 1st, 1913 
By B. M. Parker, B. S., 

West Raleigh, N. C. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Page. 
Chapter I — Discussion of Motion — Draft — Calculating 

Draft from Gearing — Actual and Figured Drafts 

Compared — Intermediate and Break Drafts 7 

Chapter II — Calculations for Pickers — Draft — Speed- 
Length of Lap— Production Constant 15 

Chapter III — Card Calculations — Draft — Doffer Speed — 

Use of Draft, Doffer Speed and Production Constants 32 

Chapter IV — Combing Process — Calculations for Draft, 
Speed and Production on Sliver and Ribbon Lappers — 
Combers, Draft, Production and Waste Calculations — 
Production Constants 50 

Chapter V — Railway Heads and Drawing Frames — Draft, 
Speed and Production Calculations — Metallic and 
Leather Rolls — Production Constants 69 

Chapter VI — Hanks and Numbers 84 

Chapter VII — Fly Frames — Draft — Roll Settings — Twist — 
Differential or Compound — Winding — Cones — Ten- 
sion, Lay, Take-up or Bottom Cone and Taper Gear- 
ing — Production — Production Constant 92 

Chapter VIII — Spinning — Draft, Twist, Speed — Production 

— Roll Setting — Average Numbers 126 

Chapter IX — Twisting — Counts of Ply Yarns — Amount of 
Twist — Twist Calculations and Constant — Production 
Calculations and Constant 142 

Chapter X — Organization — Draft Proportioning — Program 
of Drafts, Weights and Numbers — Machinery Equip- 
ment — Number of Looms 155 



CHAPTER I. 



Discussion of Motion — Draft — Calculating Draft From 
Gearing — Actual and Figured Drafts Compared — Inter- 
mediate and break drafts. 

MOTION. 

When two gears are meshecl together, such as A and B, and 
motion is given to one, A, the speed of the other, B, will depend 
upon the speed of A, the number of teeth in A, and the number of 
teeth in B. If A and B have the same number of teeth, the speed 
of B will equal the speed of A. If A has twice the number of 
teeth of B, the speed of B will be twice the speed of A ; and if B 
has twice the number of teeth of A, the speed of B will be one-half 
the speed of A. Suppose A to have 40 teeth and B 20 teeth, then 
the relative speed of B as compared with the speed of A, will be 
40 -•- 20 or 2 ; and if A is making 10 revolutions per minute, the 
speed of B will be twice the speed of A or 20 revolutions per min- 
ute. If A had 90 teeth and B 30 teeth, then speed of B would have 
been three times the speed of A. If A was making 25 revolutions 
per minute, the speed of B would have been 3 x 25 = 75 revolu- 
tions per minute. In other words, the speed of B will always be to 
the speed of A, as the number of teeth in A is to the number of 
teeth in B. 

Looking at this in another way, we can say that the speed of 
A, multiplied by the number of teeth in A, will always give a pro- 
duct that will be the same as the product of multiplying the speed 
of B by the number of teeth in B. Putting this in the form of a 
rule, we have : 

The speed of A multiplied by the number of teeth in A, and 
this product divided by the number of teeth in B ivill give the s 
speed of B. 

This is always true and must be kept in mind in dealing with 
speed calculations. Taking the last problem above, the speed of B 
is found as follows: 

25X90 

= 75 revolutions per minute, speed of B. 

30 

If gears A and B are separated by one or more intermediate 
gears, as shown in Fig. 1 the same statements hold good, as the 
intermediate gears C and D simply serve to transmit the motion 
of A to B, and will in no wise affect the speed of B regardless of 



8 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

the number of teeth in either one of the intermediates. Such gears 
are used simply to fill in the space between A and B or to change 
the direction of motion of B, and are called "idler" or "carrier" 
gears. When a gear receives motion at its axis or center, by vir- 
tue of being atached to a revolving shaft, and conveys this motion, 
through its outer edge or rim, to another gear, it is a driving gear 
or driver; and any alteration in its speed or the number of teeth 
will directly affect the speed of all the gears controlled by it in the 
same proportion. In Fig. 1 A is a driving gear, and doubling its 
speed or number of teeth will double the speed of B. 

When a gear receives motion at its outer edge or rim and con- 
veys it thence to its axis, before affecting any other gear, it is a 
driven gear. In Fig. 1 ' B is a driven gear, and any change in the 
number of teeth of B will affect its speed in inverse ratio; as 
doubling the number of teeth of B will divide its speed by two, and 
consequently the speed of any gears controlled by the shaft on 
which B is located will be affected the same way. 

When a gear receives motion on its outer rim and conveys it 
along its rim to another gear, it is an idler gear or "carrier." Any 
change in the number of teeth of such gear has no effect on the 
speed 'of any of the succeeding gears in the train. A gear may act 




Fig. 1. Diagram Illustrating a Simple Train of Gears 

in Mesh. 



as a carrier in relation to one train of gearing and also as a driver 
or driven gear in relation to another train of gearing. 

In the form of gearing shown in diagram Fig. 2 we have a 
different arrangement. A and B are connected by means of two 
gears C and D and a shaft E, the two gears C and D being fixed 
on the shaft E, which means that they will have the same speed 
regardless of the number of teeth they may have. The gears C 
and D are not carrier gears, as D receives motion at its rim from 
A and passes the motion to the shaft *at its center, while C receives 
motion at its center from the shaft and transmits it to B at its rim. 



INTRODUCTION. 




Fig. 2. Diagram Illustrating a Compound Train of Gearing 

in Mesh. 

Suppose A to have 40 revolutions per minute ; then the speed of D 
will be: 

40X90 

= 120 revolutions per minute. 

30 

As the speed of D is 1120, the speed of C will also be 120, and 
we can take this speed and follow the same rule and find the speed 
of B as follows : 

120X50 

= 150 revolutions per minute. 

40 

Finding the speed of B in one operation is a matter of sim- 
ply combining the two formulas as follows : 

40X90 50 

X — = 150 revolutions per minute. 

40 40 

In the above it will be seen that gears A and C are drivers, 
and D and B are driven gears. 

PULLEY CALCULATIONS. 

In dealing with pulleys the same statements and rules as for 
£ears hold good, using the pulley diameters instead of the number 
of teeth. 

Rule for pulleys : 

Multiply together the speed of the driving pulley and its 
diameter, and divide by the diameter of the driven pulley. The 
quotient will be the speed of, the driven pulley. 

There are several ways of stating the above rule, but the one 
given is very simple. The main point to remember is that the pro- 
duct of the diameter and speed of the driving pulley in all cases 



10 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

will be the same as the product of the speed and diameter of the 
driven pulley. 

Example : Suppose the driving shaft in a mill to be running 
300 revolutions per minute and has a 10 inch pulley on it driving a 
machine that has a 20 inch pulley on it. The revolutions per min- 
ute of the 20 inch pulley would be : 

300X10 

= 150 revolutions per minute. 

20 

Suppose you knew the required speed of the shaft of the ma- 
chine, the size of its pulley, and the speed of the driving shaft, 
and wanted to find the size of the pulley to put on the driving shaft. 
The products of the speeds and diameters must be equal, so that 
the product of the speed and. diameter of the known pulley, divided 
by the speed of the required pulley, will give the diameter of the 
required pulley. 

150X20 

= 10 inches. 

300 

So far we have dealt only with speeds of rotation expressed in 
revolutions per minute. In many calculations we use the surface 
or circumferential speeds of pulleys and different parts of ma- 
chines. The circumference of any pulley or roll is equal to its 
diameter multiplied by 3.1416. The surface or circumferential 
speed of any pulley or roll is equal to its circumference multiplied 
by its revolutions per minute. In the preceding example, the pul- 
ley on the shaft would have a surface speed of: 

300 x 10 x 3.1416 = 9.425 inches or 785.4 per minute. The 
pulley on the shaft of the machine must take up as much belt as is 
delivered by the pulley on the driving shaft, that is, its surface 
speed must be equal to the surface speed of the driving pulley, or 
785.4 feet. 

The preceding explanation should enable any one to under- 
stand all the calculations relating to speeds as they may come up 
later on. 

DRAFT. 

Every machine that operates on the cotton, from the time it 
is opened in the picker room until it is spun on bobbins in the spin- 
ning room in the shape of yarn, has a certain amount of draft. It 
will be well to find out exactly what draft is before we attempt 
to figure drafts on the machine. The object of draft in cotton mill 
machinery is to secure a gradual reduction of the mass of cotton 
as it is fed into the pickers to the size of the spun thread as it leaves 
the rolls of the spinning frame. Every machine has its part to 



INTRODUCTION. 11 

perform in reducing the bulk or weight. Draft, then, is a reduc- 
tion in bulk or weight and a consequent increase in the length of 
the material under operation and is therefore the relative surface 
speed of the feed roll and delivery roll of the machine. 

To illustrate : Suppose a machine receives cotton at the rate 
of 10 yards a minute and delivers it at the rate of 60 yards a min- 
ute, or six times the length it receives, the draft of the machine 
will be six, that is, for every yard received it would deliver six 
yards. It must be remembered, however, that as the length of the 
material increases, its weight per yard decreases; hence one yard 
at the front of the machine will weigh only one-sixth of the amount 
of the same length at the back of the machine. If the material 
entering the above machine weighed 60 grains per yard the total 
weight fed in per minute would be 600 grains. The machine must 
turn out the same weight in the same time as is fed into it, so there 
will have to be 600 grains fed out per minute, but this weight must 
be spread over the 60 yards instead of 10 yards and each yard will 
weigh only 10 grains or one-sixth of what it did when fed into the 
machine. 

From the above it will be seen that the draft can be express- 
ed in two ways : 

(1) Draft is the ratio between the weight per yard fed into 
and delivered by the machine, and can be found by dividing the to- 
tal weight per yard entering the machine by the weight per yard 
delivered by the machine. 

(2) Draft is the ratio of the surface speeds of the receiving 
and delivery rolls, and can be obtained by dividing the length de- 
livered by the machine by the length fed into it in a given time. 

The drafts of the different machines depend upon the arrange- 
ment of the machinery and the layout of the mill. They may be 
varied in the machines within certain limits. Usually the smaller 
the mass of cotton being handled, the greater the draft. 

CALCULATING DRAFT FROM THE GEARING. 

There are different rules for finding draft. The method il- 
lustrated below will prove easy of application, suits the most com- 
plicated gearing found, needs no considering of driving and driven 
gears and, from actual experience, is found to be most easily un- 
derstood and worked . 

Draw a straight horizontal line, put the diameter of the front 
roll above the line, the number of teeth in the gear on the front roll 
under the line, the next gear meshing into it above the line, the 
next under. Continue this until the diameter of the back roll is 
reached which naturally comes under the line. Leave out ajl car- 



12 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 



rier gears in thus preparing for the calculation. Multiply together 
the figures above the line and divide this product by the product 
of all the figures under the line. The answer will be the draft of 
the machine. 

The points to be noted are : Always start the calculation with 
the front roll diameter over the line and finish with the back roll 
diameter under the line. If all idler gears are left out of the cal- 
culation there will be the same number of figures above as below 
the line. 

Fig. 3 represents three drawing rolls connected by gearing 
and illustrates the arrangement found on fly frames. Applying the 
rule just given we get the following: 



iy 8 X100X56 



37X34X1 



= 5 draft between front and back rolls. 



In all cases it will simplify matters to express the diameters 
of the two rolls in the same terms. In the above the 11%-inch 
front roll can be expressed as 9, and the back roll as 8. 

In every train of draft gearing a "change" gear is located at 
some convenient point. By changing the size of the gear, the ratio 
between the surface speeds of the delivery and feed rolls is chang- 
ed, thus changing the draft. This gear is spoken of as the draft 
\hange gear or draft gear. It is not necessary to work through 
the entire train of gearing every time a change in draft is desired 



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Fig. 3. Diagram of a Thain of Gears for Drafting Rolls. 



and the usual custom is to work out a draft factor or "constant" 
for the machine which, divided by the draft gear, will give the 
draft, or divided by the draft will give the draft gear. In Fig. 3 



INTRODUCTION. 13 

the 34 tooth gear is the draft gear. By leaving this gear out of the 
calculation for draft just given, but retaining all the other figures 
in the same relative positions, we get the draft constant, as fol- 
lows: 

9 X100X56 
= 170.27 draft constant. 



37XXX 8 



To find the draft : 

170.27 -4- 34 = 5 draft. 

To find the draft gear : 

170.27 -4- 5 = 34 draft gear. 

From the above we get the following rules in regard to draft 
that apply to practically every machine in use in the mill : 
Constant -+- draft = gear. 
Constant -f- gear = draft. 
Draft X gear = constant. 

INTERMEDIATE DRAFTS. 

In the foregoing only the draft between the front and back 
rolls or the total draft has been considered. The total draft on 
every machine is split into two or more intermediate drafts- 
Referring to Fig. 3 there will be noticed two different drafts, 
namely, the draft occurring between the front and middle rolls and 
the draft occurring" between the middle and back rolls., The draft 
between any two such intermediate points can be found by apply- 
ing the foregoing rule, always considering the two points under 
discussion as the receiving and delivering rolls, regardless of their 
relative positions to the other rolls in the machine. 

Figuring the draft between the front and middle rolls in Fig. 
3, we get : 

9X100X56X20 

= 4.77 draft. 

37X34X21X8 

The draft between the middle and back rolls is found by same 
method. 

1 X21 

1.05 draft. 






20X 1 

In this case we' must consider the middle roll as the delivery 
roll of the two. The product of all the intermediate drafts of any 
machine is equal to the total draft. Taking the two intermediate 
drafts above we find their product is 5, which is the same as the 
total draft previously figured. 



■> 



14 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

BREAK DRAFT. 

In changing the total draft of a machine by making a change 
in the size of the draft gear, we alter only one of the intermediate 
drafts, the other drafts in the machine remaining the same. In 
the above case any change in the draft gear will affect the total 
draft between the front and back rolls, but wiE. not affect the draft 
between the middle and back rolls. To change the draft between 
these would require a change in the size of either the 20 or 21 tooth 
gears. This intermediate draft is spoken as the br<»ak draft to dis- 
tinguish it from the other intermediate drafts. 

TENSION DRAFT. 

There is only a very slight draft occurring between certain 
points on machines in a mill which serves the purpose of keeping 
the material tight so there will be no undue sagging of the ends. 
These drafts are not enough to materially affect the total draft of 
the machine or the weight of the finished product. They are 
sometimes spoken of as tension drafts or more commonly refer- 
red to simply as tension. 



PICKERS. 



15 



CHAPTER II. 



Calculations for Pickers — Draft — Speed — Length of Lap — 
Production — Production Constants. 

draft of pickers. 

The draft of the breaker picker is small and seldom changed, 
any desired change in the weight of the breaker laps being usually 
secured by changing the amount of feed on the automatic feeder. 
The draft ranges between 1.5 and 2. The draft of the intermedi- 



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37 

Fig. 4. Diagram of Gearing on the Kitson Breaker Picker. 



ate and finisher pickers is about 4, with 4 laps fed in at the back 
and the evener belt driving at the middle of the cones. 

Fig. 4 shows the gearing of the Kitson breaker picker. There 



16 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

is no draft change gear on this machine. 

To calculate the draft of the breaker picker from the gearing 
shown in Fig. 4, start with the 9 inch lap roll, placing it above the 
line, and alternate the gears below and above the line until the 
feed roll is reached, the latter coming under the line, as in figures 
used in the previous chapter: 

9 X18X14X36X15X26X38 

■ = 1.85 draft 

37X73X13X26X15X19X2.5 

Fig. 5 shows the gearing plan of a Kitson intermediate 
picker or lapper with a two-bladed beater to revolve at 1500 R. P. 
M. The gearing for the finisher picker is the same as for the in- 
termediate. To calculate the draft of the intermediate picker 
from the gearing shown in Fig 5, using a 23 tooth draft gear, 
start with the 9 inch lap roll, placing it above the line and pro- 
ceeding as in the calculation on the breaker picker : 

9X18X14X14X30X54X3.25X85X28X12 

= 3.95 draft. 

37X73X76X23X40X10X1X20X16X2 

To work out a draft constant, use the same figures as above, 
but leaving out the 23 tooth draft gear and substituting X in its 
place, as follows : 

9X18X14X14X30X54X3.25X85X28X12 

: = 90.86. 

37X73 X76XXX40X10X1X20X16X2 

As the draft gear comes under the line, the draft constant 
90.86, must be divided by the draft gear to obtain the draft. 

90.86 -*- 23 = 3.95 draft. '* 

Now to find the correct gear to give any desired draft, divide 
the draft constant by the draft desired. 
90.86 -4- 3.95 = 23.1 or 23 tooth draft gear. 

In all calculations in which the answer is the number of teeth 
in a gear, use a whole number as the final answer. A good rule 
to follow is to work out the answer to the first decimal and, if this 
fraction is less than .5, discard it, as in the above case, but in- 
crease the whole number by one in case the fraction is .5 or over. 
If the answer of the above calculation had been 23.5, we would 
have given it as 24 teeth. For all practical purposes 91 can be 
used, as the draft constant instead of 90.86, as the small amount 
of increase necessary to bring it to a whole number will not affect 
the results to any appreciable extent. 

It will be noticed from Fig. 5, that any change in the size of 
the draft gear will affect the speed of the feed rolls only and will. 



PICKERS. 



17 



not alter the speed of the cages, lap or calendar rolls. A larger 
draft gear will drive the feed rolls faster and cause them to feed 
in more cotton, and thus lessen the draft. The largest portion of 
the draft on the pickers occurs between the feed rolls and the 
screens or cages, and any change in the total draft occurs be- 
tween these two points. The drafts between the other intermedi- 
ate points, such as cages to stripping rolls, stripping rolls to calen- 




DftAFT 
23 



Fig. 5. Diagram of Gearing on the Kitson Finisher Picker. 



der rolls and calender rolls to lap rolls, are very small. These 
drafts are spoken of as tension and only serve the purpose of 
keeping the material tight as it is passed through the machine. 
Considering the cages as the delivery rolls and working back to 



18 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

the feed rolls, using the same method as before, we get the follow- 
ing: 

22X68X14X13X14X30X54X3.25X85X28X12 

= 3.07 draft between the 

180X29X80X76X23X40X10X1X20X16X2 [cages and the feed rolls. 

Not considering the tension draft between the different 
points, we can get the draft between the cages and the lap rolls 
by the following calculation: 

9 X18X14X80X29X180 

= 1.29 draft. 

37X73X13X14X68X22 

The product of these two intermediate drafts will be the total 
draft, thus : 

3.07 X l."29 = 3.96 total draft. 

By similar figuring, it is possible to work out all the interme- 
diate drafts or find the draft between any two points on the ma- 
chine. In the above figuring, the cone or evener belt is considered 
to be working in the middle of the cones, as this is considered best 
by most carders. The diameter of the driven cone at this point is 
3.25 inches. The numeral 1 in the calculation is the single worm 
on the end of the driving cone. Some carders prefer to run the 
cone belt about one-third the distance from the large end of the 
driven cone. In this case the diameter of the cone can be taken 
as 4. This would give a draft constant of 112, and a 23 tooth 
draft gear would give a draft of 4.87 instead of 3.95. 

It is seldom necessary to change the draft gear on the pick- 
ers, because the cone drive to the feed rolls permits of such wide 
variations in draft by simply moving the evener belt. The range 
of drafts used also is small and any radical change desired in the 
weight of finished laps is usually made in the feed of the machine. 

In figuring the draft from the weight of cotton being fed 
into and delivered by the machine, the rule is "• 

Divide the weight going in at the back by the weight coming 
out at the front. 

i Example: There are four laps on the apron of the picker, 
each weighing 14 ounces per yard. The lap delivered weighs 14.5 
ounces per yard. What is the draft? 

4X14 

= 3.76 draft. 

14.5 

Draft thus figured from the actual weight on the front and 
back of a machine, is spoken of as actual draft and, on every ma- 
chine that produces waste, the actual draft is larger than the fig- 
ured draft obtained from the gearing. In other words the actual 



PICKERS. 19 

draft is the ratio between the weight fed into the. machine and 
the weight delivered from the machine. It takes into account 
any loss of cotton in the form of waste that may occur between 
the feed and delivery rolls. Figured draft is the ratio between 
1he surface speeds of the' delivery roll and feed roll, and remains 
the same regardless of the amount of cotton lost :n the form of 
waste. 

On the pickers we can count on losing about 3 per cent, or 
more as waste of the total amount of cotton fed into the machine, 
depending upon the grade of cotton being handled and the cleanli- 
ness desired in the finished product. Now if the picker takes out 
3 per cent, waste, the amount delivered from the machine will rep- 
resent 97 per cent, of the amount fed into the machine. Then the 
amount going in at the back must be decreased by the amount of 
waste made before we can figure the actual weight at the front. 

To illustrate this point : If we figure the draft of the picker 
from the gearing to be 3.95, and there are 4 laps on the apron 
each weighing 16 ounces per yard, then the following* should give 
the theoretical weight of lap at the front. 

4X16 

= 16.2 ounces per yard. 

3.95 

Now to allow for the loss in weight, on account of the 3 per 
cent, waste taken out, we must multiply the weight at the back 
by .97, and then find what the weight on the front will be : 

16X4X.97 

= 15.71 ounces per yard. 

3.95 

The actual draft of the machine figured from the weight on 
the front and the back would be this : 

16X4 

= 4.07 draft. 

15.71 

It will be seen from the abcwe that using a 23 tooth gear which 
we have figured to give us a draft of 3.95 with 16 ounce laps on 
back and a loss of 3 per cent, waste, we would actually have a 
draft of 4.07 and the lap would weigh 15.71 ounces per yard in- 
stead of 16.2 ounces per yard. In actual practice this would not 
make any difference, as the correct weight of laps would be ob- 
tained by a slight change in position of the evener belt. 

In the same way in finding the weight of laps on the apron 
)f the picker from the weight at the front and the figured draft, 
we must allow for the loss of waste in order to be absolutely 
accurate. 



20 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

Example : The weight of the lap at the front is 15.71 ounces 
per yard, the waste is 3 per cent., and the figured draft is 3.95. 
What is the weight of the lap at the back of the picker ? 

15.71X3.95 

= 16 ounces, weight of lap on apron. 

4X97 

The principles underlying these two problems can be ex- 
pressed in the following formulas, understanding that the draft 
used is the figured draft and not the actual draft: 

To find the weight of the lap at the front : 

Wt. at back X doublings x 1 less per cent, of ivaste 



draft 
To find the weight at the back : 
Wt. at front x draft 



doublings x 1 less per cent, of waste 

The expression, 1 less per cent, of waste, is easily explained 
if we remember that the percentage of waste can be expressed 
decimally as well as the way given, as 3 per cent, can be expressed 
as .03 and will have the same value. Now the.97 used in working 
the two problems equals 1 minus .03 equals .97. If the machine 
makes 4 per cent, waste, we would use .96 in the formula. 

SPEED. 

The two-bladed beater usually revolves at 1,500 R. P. M. while 
the three-bladed beater is run at about 1,200 R. P. M. If the 
Kirschner carding beater is used, it should revolve at about 1,500 
R. P. M. The fan runs from 900 to 1,050 R. P. M., depending 
upon the amount of waste desired. The speed of the lap rolls 
varies from 4.5 to 9 R. P. M. In getting the speed of any re- 
volving part of the picker, it is well to bear in mind that the 
product of the driving pulley multiplied by its diameter, in every 
case, will be equal to the product of the driven pulley multiplied 
by its diameter. 

To find the speed of the beater shown in Fig. 5 when the main 
shaft speed is 325 R. P. M. : The pulley on the main shaft driving 
the picker being 28 inches in diameter, the pulley on the picker 
counter shaft being 18 inches in diameter, the large pulley on 
the counter which drives the beater being 24 inches, and the pulley 
on the beater shaft 8 inches in diameter. 

Starting with the speed of the main shaft, we get the 
following : 



PICKERS. 21 

325X28X24 

= 1,516 R. P. M. of beater. 



18X8 

This can be considered as 1,500, as the slippage in the belts is 
liable to bring it down to that figure. 

The speed of the fan can be obtained as follows : The fan 
pulley is 8 inches in diameter and the pulley on the beater shaft 
driving the fan is five inches in diameter. 

1,500X5 

= 937.5 R. P. M. of fan. 

8 

In figuring the speed of the lap rolls, we must start with the 
414 inch pulley on the end of the beater shaft. This is called the 
speed pulley, and the size of this pulley controls the production of 
the picker. Changing the size of this pulley changes the speed of 
every part of the machine, except the beater and fan. A larger 
pulley drives the machine faster, thus increasing the production. 

The following calculation will give the speed of the lap rolls : 

1500X4.5X14X14X18 

= 4.83 R. P. M. 

24X76X73X37 

In the above, the diameter of the pulley and the 
teeth in the gears are used together in the same calculation, as, in 
either case, they are used to express the relation between the 
different parts being considered, and it makes no difference 
whether this relation is expressed in diameters or teeth. 

LENGTH OF LAP. 

The total weight of the finished lap is governed by the number 
of yards it contains. It is measured by the revolutions of the lap 
rolls, the picker automatically stopping after the required number 
of yards are wound. The regulating device is called the knock- 
off, a plan of the gearing of same being shown in Fig. 6. The 
knock-off or lap gear makes 1 revolution for each lap wound. 
Thus any change made in the size of the knock-off gear will give 
a corresponding change in the number of yards in the lap; a 
larger gear will give more yards in the lap, a smaller gear less. 

The lap rolls are 9 inches in diameter or 28.27 inches in 
circumference and will have to make 1.27 revolutions to wind up 
one yard of lap. Now if we start with the one revolution of the 
knock-off gear, while the lap is forming, and figure around to the 
9 inch lap roll (see Fig. 6), we would get the number of revolu- 
tions of the lap roll while the lap is forming. Then, as the lap roll 
has to make 1.27 revolutions to wind one yard, if we divide this by 
1.27 we would get the number of yards in the lap, as follows : 



22 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 



CALENOFR /roll 



7<3 



37 



u 



L 



Y 



13 






FLUTED LAP /ROLL 
// 
3 O/^K/^T. 




KNOCK OFF 
GEAFi 



Fig. 6. Diagram of Knock-off Gearing. 



1X60X35X80X14X18 



= 52.74 yards in lap. 



18X1X13X73X37X1.27 

We can get the knock-off constant by the same method as 
above, by simply leaving out the knock-off gear, thus : 

1XXX35X80X14X18 

= .879 constant. 

18X1X13X73X37X1.27 

The change gear appears above the line in this case, and the 
constant must be multiplied by the gear to get the number of yards 
per lap, thus : 

.879 X 60 = 52.74 yards in lap. 

To find the number of teeth in the knock-off gear to give any 
desired number of yards in the lap : 

Divide the number of yards in the lap by the knock-off 
constant. 

52.74 -f- .879 = 60 teeth in knock-off gear. 



PRODUCTION. 

An intermediate or finisher picker will produce from 1,500 
to 2,500 pounds of laps per day of 10 hours, while the breaker 
picker will produce from 2,500 to 4,000 pounds of laps a day. 
Where good clean laps are desired for the cards the lower pro- 
ductions are recommended. The production of a picker depends 
upon the speed of the lap rolls, the weight per yard of the lap 
and the time lost in taking off the full laps, cleaning up, etc. 

Suppose the picker is. delivering a 14 ounce lap, and the lap 
rolls are making 6 R. P. M. Allowing 20 per cent loss of time, 
what would be the production in a 10 hour day? 



PICKERS. 23 

The lap roll is 9 inches in diameter and its circumference ii? 

9 X 3.1416 = 28.27 inches. It makes 6 R. P. M., so every minute it 
will deliver 6 x 28.27 = 169.62 inches of lap or 10,177.2 inches an 
hour. In a 10 hour day it will deliver 10,177.2 x 10 = 101,772 
inches, or 2,827 yards of lap. Each yard weighs 14 ounces, so in 
a day there will be 2,827 x 14 = 35,578 ounces of lap delivered. 
From this we must take the 20 per cent, loss of time, therefore 
35,578 x .80 = 31,662.4 ounces actually produced. Then 31,662.4 

-r- 16 = 1,987.9 pounds produced per day. This calculation has 
been given in detail, so that all steps necessary will be clearly seen 
and understood. 

All production calculations are based on the same principles 
and differ only in tne terms used. The above allowance of 20 per 
cent, loss of time is ample for all necessary stoppages and may be 
considered too high by some, but it is far better to make an error 
on the side of too little production in our calculations than too 
much. 

The above production problem can be expressed . in one 
formula showing at a glance every step taken to get the answer, 
thus: 

9 X 3.1416 X 6 X 60 X 10 X .80 X 14 

= 1978.9 pounds. 

36X16 

In the above problem we can consider everything as fixed 
except the speed of the lap rolls and the weight of the lap. The 
speed of the lap rolls varies with the size of the speed pulley to 
£five different productions. The weight of the lap may vary from 

10 to 16 ounces per yard, so, if we leave these two variable quan- 
tities out of the production calculation, and use the remaining 
figures in the formula, we get a production factor or constant : 

9 X 3.1416 XXX 60 X 10 X. 80 XX 

= 23.56 production constant. 

36X16 

Rule for using production constant : 
• Multiply the constant by the weight per yard of lap in ounces 
and by the R. P. M. of the lap rolls. 

The above constant is based on a 10 hour day with an allow- 
ance of 20 per cent, loss of time. Using constants of this charac- 
ter on the different machines in the mill will greatly simplify the 
work necessary in figuring the production. A small speed in- 
dicator is a great convenience in finding the actual speeds of the 
dfferent machines in the mill under working conditions. With 
'it the speed of any machine or revolving part of the machine 
can be found. 



24 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

There are other methods in use for figuring production on 
pickers with the same idea in view of simplifying the work. The 
two following rules are taken from the Kitson catalogue and will 
give correct answers. 

Rule to find the production of a picker for a day of 10 hours, 
allowing 10 per cent, loss of time: 

Multiply the weight of lap in ounces per yard by the R. P. M. 
of beater and by the diameter of the feed pulley and divide this 
product by 52. 

Example: The weight of lap is 13 ounces per yard; beater 
speed is 1,500 R. P. M. ; and the feed pulley is 6 inches in diameter. 
What is the production? 

13X1,500X6 

• = 2,250 pounds a day. 

52 

Rule to find the diameter of the feed pulley needed to give 
any number of pounds a day : 

Multiply the number of pounds wanted by 52, and divide by 
the product of the weight of lap in ounces per yard, multiplied by 
the R. P. M. of beater. 

Example : How large a feed pulley will be needed to produce 
2,250 pounds a day, if the lap weighs 13 ounces a yard and the 
beater speed is 1,500 R. P. M.? 

2,250X52 

= 6 inches, diameter of feed pulley. 

1,500X13 

In using the above short rules for production, remember that 
the constant 52 is figured for a 10 hour day with an allowance 
of 10 per cent, for loss of time. 

ATHERTON FINISHER PICKER- 

Fig. 7 shows the draft gearing of the Atherton 
finisher picker. These machines were formerly built by the A. T. 
Atherton Machine Co., Pawtucket, R. I. The company has since 
sold out to the Kitson Machine Shop, Lowell, Mass. 

The calculation for draft is given below, considering the 
evener belt to be working at the middle of the cones, where the 
diameter of the two are the same and they have no affect on the 
draft, both running at the same speed : 

9 X13X15X20X20X22X90X24 

•■ = 3.93 draft. 

54X72X52X40X50X 1X7X3 

Omitting the draft gear of 22 teeth, but using the remainder 
of the formula, will give the draft constant : 



PICKERS. 



25 




<= j FEED /ROLL &"D/AM\ ^ 

3 L 




&/A/GLE 
WORM 



90 



so faa 

DRAFT 
CHANGE GEAR 



n'5 



- 72 



eorroA? CALENDER 
ROLL. t" D/AM- 



,/cJ 



- se 



S4- 



a* 

561 



LAP FZQL.L. 
&" D/AM. 



so 



ac _ 



sa 



/+ 



Fig. 7. Diagram of Draft Gearing of Atherton Finisher 

Picker. 



9 X13X15X20X20XXX90X24 
54X72X52X40X50X 1X7X3 



= . '78 draft constant. 



In this case a different arrangement is found from the usual 
rule in that the draft gear occurs above the line. This necessi- 
tates a different handling of the draft constant. 

Rule to find draft : 

Multiply the draft constant by the gear. 

Rule to find draft gear : 

Divide the draft by the constant. 

The knock-off gearing used on the Atherton picker is shown 
in Fig. 8. The following gives the length of lap, starting with one 
revolution of the knock-off gear : 



26 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 











BOTTOM CALENDER ROLL 




1 








t<3 








sS* 






LA/=> Roll. &" D/**\nsr. 






1 











.SO 



1 



Ul 

KNOCK-OFR 
GdTAR 
+8 



A 



-7 11 D- 

SO/ 

CH* A/ G £ GE^K 



Fig. 8. Diagram of Knock-off Gearing on Atherton Picker. 



1 X48X28X50X13 
20X 1 X14X54X1.27 



45.5 yards in lap. 



Leaving out the change gear of 20 teeth, will give the knock- 
off or lap constant. 

1X48X28X50X13 

= 90.98 constant. 

XX1X14X54X1.27 

This constant of 90.98 can be used in figuring the number of 
yards in the lap without making the long calculation, but in this 
case as the change gear of 20 teeth comes under the line, the 
constant m^St be treated differently from the one worked out on 
the Kitson picker. 

Rule for using lap factor on Atherton pickers : 

Constant -f- teeth in change gear = number of yards in lap. 
Constant -?- number of yards in lap = number of teeth in 
change gear. » 



HOWARD AND BULLOUGH PICKER. 

A gearing plan of a Howard and Bullough intermediate and 
finisher picker is shown in Fig. 9. The normal working position 
of the evener belt recommended by the builders is about 5 inches 
from the large end of the top cone. At this point the ratio of the 
diameters of the two cones is 1.6 to 1, so we can use this ratio in 
place of the actual diameters. The following figures give the 
draft, treating the double threaded worm as a gear of two teeth : 



PICKERS. 



27 




H 

O 
I— I 

Ph 

03 
H 

HH 
HH 
CO 
t— I 

£ 
I— I 

w 

o 

O 
P 

PQ 

Q 
PS 
< 

O 

W 

&« 
o 

pL| 
t— I 

PS 
< 
w 
O 

ci 

d 



28 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

9X12X17X18X27X45X1.6X9X78X24 



53X96X60X27X45X1X9X2X12X3 



= 4.5 draft. 



The gear on the end of the cross shaft, lettered A, and the one 
on the bottom cone, lettered B, are both change gears, and, in 
changing the draft, both of these gears have to be changed. The 
sum of the number of teeth in both gears must always be 90. 

The draft constant is found as follows, leaving out the gears 
A and B : 

9 X 12X17X18X27 XXX 1.6X9X78X24 

= 4.5 draft constant. 

53X96X60X27XXX1X9X2X12X2 

Rules for finding the draft on Howard & Bullough pickers: 
Multiply the draft constant by the gear A, and divide the re- 
sult by the gear B. 

The draft constant divided by the draft required will equal 
the change gear B divided by the change gear A. 

Example: What gears will be needed to give a draft of 3.6? 

4.5-^3.6 = 1.25. 

Then B -=- A = 1.25 or B must be one-fourth larger than A, 
that is the ratio between the two must be 5 to 4; then B will 
have 50 teeth and A will have 40 teeth. If the evener belt is 
worked in the middle of the cones, which is the more common rule, 
the cone diameters will be equal ; both will run at tne same speed 
and have no effect upon the draft. In this case the draft will be 
considerably 'reduced, being only 2.81 with the change gears of 
45 teeth at A and B, instead of a draft of 4.5. The draft constant 
in this position of belt would be 2.81. With the cone belt at the 
middle of the cones, a draft of 4 would call for a 53 tooth gear at 
A on the bottom cone, and a 37 tooth gear at B on the cross shaft. 

2.81X53 

= 4.02 draft. 

37 

It is evident from this that, except when unusual conditions 
make it absolutely necessary to change these gears, they will very 
likely never be altered. 

The lap gearing of the Howard & Bullough picker is so ar- 
ranged that the number of teeth in the knock-off gear corresponds 
to the number of yards in the lap. This arrangement is very 
convenient, calling for no figuring to calculate the length of lap or 
of the size of gear to use. 

The following short rule is taken from the catalogue of the 
Howard & Bullough machines and gives the pounds produced in 



PICKERS. 



29 



a 10 hour day, allowing a loss of 10 per cent, for stops, and a 
beater speed of 1,450 R. P. M. : 

Multiply 38.5 by the diameter of the feed pulley and this by 
the ounces per yard in the lap. 



El/E/VER ROLL, s'f^ DJAM.\ Z- 



C= j REED ROLL. g/Vu/^M-t ^: 



IT 



.TO 



bottom c-al.enl~ie:r 



£+ 



g-?- 



26 







L.AR 


ROL.L. 


il 
































DRART CHANGi 
GEA R A9 



Fig. 10. 



Diagram of Gearing of Potter & Johnston Finisher 

Picker. 



POTTER AND JOHNSTON PICKERS. 

The gearing diagram of the Potter & Johnston intermediate 
and finisher picker is shown in Fig. 10. This is a new machine on 
the market. The draft calculation is given below, considering the 
evener belt to be in the middle of the cones or on equal diameters : 

9X12X17X19X12X90X22X12 

= 3.95 draft. 

54X70X83X40X1X9X18X2 1/16. 

Using the above formula but leaving out the draft gear of 19 



30 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 



teeth, which comes above the line, we get the draft constant 

9X12X17XXX12X90X22X12 



= .208 draft constant. 



54X70X83X40X1X9X18X2 1/16. 

Rule for using draft constant: 

Constant multiplied by the gear will give the draft. 

Draft divided by the constant will give the gear. 




:tVj4 






Fig. 11. Knock-off Gearing on Potter & Johnston Picker. 



The lap gearing for the Potter & Johnston picker is shown in 
Fig. 11. The method of finding the constant and length of lap is 
the same as that given above. 

Example: Find length of lap: j 

1 X40X34X50X12 

= 45.76 yards in lap. 

20X 1 X13X54X1.27 

To find knock-off constant: 



1X40X34X50X12 
XX 1 X34X54X1.27 



= 915.2 constant. 



Rules for using knock-off factor on this machine: 

Constant -^ gear = yards in lap. 

Constant -+- yards in lap = teeth in gear. 

In operating any of the foregoing machines, the production 
can be easily calculated by using the production constant of 23.56 
given above and based on the speed of the 9 inch lap roll and the 
weight of lap. 

Constant x R. P. M. of lap roll x ounces per yard in lap = 
pounds per day of 10 hours, alloiving 20 per cent, for loss of time. 



PICKERS. 



31 





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COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

CHAPTER III. 



Card Calculations — Draft — Doffer Speed — Use of Draft, 
Doffer Speed and Production Constants. 

In looking at the gearing diagrams of the cards shown, it will 
be noticed that they are all very similar. In all cases a change 
from a small to a larger draft gear will drive the feed roll faster, 
feeding in more stock and thus decreasing the draft of the machine 
and increasing the weight of the sliver delivered. An opposite 
change would give opposite results. In dealing with the draft con- 
stant of the cards the following rules apply : 

Draft constant divided by the draft equals the gear to use. 

Draft constant divided by the gear equals the draft of the 
card. 

In the doffer speed gearing we find a similarity. About the 
only noticeable difference is in the gearing between the barrow 
pulley and the doffer. On all cards a change from a small to a 
large doffer change gear will drive the doffer faster, thus increas- 
ing the production of the card, by causing it to deliver a greater 
length of sliver, but not affecting the weight of the sliver per yard. 
This change gear is also called the production gear or the speed 
gear, and in all cases directly controls the production of the card. 

It will be understood from the above, that any desired change 
in the weight of the card sliver will be secured by a change in the 
size of the draft change gear and any change in the total produc- 
tion of the card will be secured by sl change in the doffer change 
gear. The following rules for the use of the doffer speed constant 
hold good on all cards : 

Speed constant multiplied by the teeth in the change gear 
gives the speed of the doffer. 

The doffer speed divided by the constant gives the size gear 
to use. 

The standard speed for card cylinders is 165 revolutions 
per minute, and in most cases they are run at this speed. The cyl- 
inders are built fifty inches in diameter and forty inches or forty 
five inches across the face. The driving pulleys are made twenty 
inches in diameter. The draft of the card varies from 80 to 125, 
with 100 considered as an average draft. The speed of the doffer 
varies between 9 and 18 revolutions per minute depending upon 
the quality desired, the production needed and the size of the dof- 
fer, which may be 24, 26, 27 or 28 inches in diameter. The use 
of the 24 inch doffer is considered out of date now. 

The weight of the sliver run depends upon the internal con- 
ditions in the mill and the style or quality of finished product and 



CARDS. 



33 



may be anywhere between 35 and 70 grains per yard. Fig. 12 
shows a diagram of the gearing of the Saco-Pettee card with 27 
inch doffer made by the Saco-Pettee Co., Biddeford, Maine and 
Newton Upper Falls, Mass. Using our same method for figuring 




Fig. 12. Plan of Gearing on the Saco-Pettee Card. 



draft and working between the 2 inch coiler calender roll and the 
2% m ch feed roll* leaving out the draft gear, we get the draft con- 
stant as follows : 



2 X21X23X214X40X120 
18X17X21X45XXX2.25 



= 1525.09 draft constant. 



34 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

Constant 

= Draft. 

= Gear. 



Gear 

Constant 



Draft 

In getting the speed of the doffer, start with the cylinder 
speed, which is 165 revolutions per minute, and treat as in any 
ordinary speed problem, remembering that the product of the 
speed of the driver multiplied by its diameter must equal the pro- 
duct of the speed of the driven multiplied by its diameter. 

The following figures give the speed of the doffer : 

165X18X4X25 

= 11 revolutions per minute. 

7X18X214 

To find the doffer speed constant, use same method as above, 
leaving out the doffer change gear which was a 25 tooth gear. 

165X18X4XX 

= .44 doffer speed constant. 

7X18X214 

Constant x Gear = Speed. 

Speed 

Gear. 



Constant 



There is always a slight draft between the coiler calender 
roll and the card calender roll, and also between the card calender 
roll and the doffer. This draft or tension is simply for the purpose 
of keeping the cotton tight and preventing undue sagging of the 
web or sliver at either place. Care should be taken to see that this 
tension is not too much, as there will be the chance of stretching 
the roving at places, which would make it uneven. This tension 
should be just enough to keep the cotton up. 

The draft and doffer change gears are the only change gears 
on the card. There is usually some point between the coiler rolls 
and the doffer where a change in gearing can be made to give the 
desired tension to the sliver. 

In Fig. 13 is shown a diagram of the gearing of the Mason 
card with a 24 inch doffer, made by the Mason Machine Works, 
Taunton, Mass. Their 27 inch doffer card gearing is very similar 
to that shown. 

The coiler calender roll is 1 11/16 inches in diameter, and the 
feed roll is 2 7/16 inches in diameter. Reducing these two figures 
to the same terms, we get 27/16 for calender roll and 39/16 for 



CARDS. 



35 



feed roll, and we can use the figures 27 and 39 for the diameters of 
the two rolls. With this in mind, the draft constant may be ob- 
tained as follows : 



1,520 draft constant. 



27X24X29X190X34X130 
18X15X29X34XXX39 

To find the doffer speed constant; 

165X18X4XX 

= .595 or .6 speed constant. 



7X15X190 




s i o 



/e. 



\ 



s <"o 

a 






It 

a-*- a 






-fO 



/30 



/J-27 



34 






39 



Fig. '13. Plan of Gearing on the Mason Card. 



36 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 



Fig. 14 shows a diagram of the gearing of the Whitin card 
with a 27 inch doffer, made by the Whitin Machine Works, Whit- 



s' " D 




e c 



=~^A 



-J7 



/&5 F?.F?M 
-SO "O/AM. 



^Q 



£7 O 



/so 



V^--?-0 



r. 



3br3G 



ag"& 



Fig. 14. Plan of Gearing on the Whitin Card. 

insville, Mass. It will be noticed that between the upright shaft 
and the card calender roll there are two gears of 39 and 38 teeth 
respectively. This arrangement readily permits the variation of 
the speed of the coiler calender rolls when necessary to keep the 
sliver tight between the two points. 

The draft constant is found as follows : 



2X36X39X192X160 
i8X38X25XXX2.25 



2,242 draft constant. 



CARDS. 



37 



In the above calculation the two 16 tooth bevel gears on the 
ends -of the upright shaft and coiler calender roll, and the two 



7 

ID li.J 



4- q 



M 



kSl 



30 



nrT 



-5^" & 



V 



3#"o 



/6-S F?F?M. 



E.^-"D 



a.a. 



/ao 



V£-26 



n 



-=?-£) 






AS 



Fig. 15. Plan of Gearing on the Lowell Card. 



45 tooth bevel gears on ends of doffer shaft and side shaft, have 
been left out, as they would have no effect on the constant if used. 
Where two gears meshing together and having the same number 
of teeth appear in any calculation, both can be disregarded. The 
doffer speed constant is obtained as follows : 



165X18X4.25XX 
7X15.5X192 



= .606 speed constant. 



38 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

In Fig. 15 is shown a diagram of the gearing of the Lowell 
card with 24 inch doffer, made by the Lowell Machine Shops, 
Lowell, Mass. This diagram is taken from the older model of 
card, their latest model card having a 28 inch doffer, the gearing 
of both being very similar. The draft constant is obtained as fol- 
lows : 

2.125X31X192X120 

= 1,499 draft constant. 

15X30XXX2.25 

The following figures give the doffer speed constant : 

165X18X6XXX20 

= .552 doffer speed constant. 

7X12X40X192 

Fig. 16 shows a diagram of the gearing of the Howard and 
Bullough card with 26 inch doffer, made by Howard and Bullough, 
American Machine Company, Ltd., Pawtucket, R. I. This card is 
built with a 26 inch doffer only and the gearing is similar to the 
others. The draft constant is found as follows: 

2X25X180X120 

= 1,579. 

16X19XXX2.25 

The doffer speed constant is found as follows : 

165X19X6X26XX 

— = .414. 



7X9X104X180 



In Fig. 17 is shown a diagram of the gearing of the Potter 
and Johnston card with a 25% inch doffer made by Potter and 
Johnston Machine Co., Pawtucket, R. I. The following figures 
give the draft constant : 

2X32X204X13X120X50 

= 1,813.33. 

15X32X13XXX40X2.25 

The doffer speed constant is found as follows : 

165X25X15XX 



.208 or .21. 



13.875X105X204 

The method used on these cards for driving the licker-in, dof- 
fer and flats all with one belt, is shown in Fig. 18. The belt leaves 
the under side of cylinder pulley, goes over the licker-in pulley, 
then to the doffer driving pulley and around the doffer grinding 
pulley, then up and around the flat driving pulley and back to the 
cylinder pulley. When the card is working, the pulley on the end 
of doffer runs loose and serves only as a binder pulley to carry the 



CARDS. 



39 



belt down and out of the way. When grinding the card, this pul- 
ley is fast and serves to drive the doffer from the cylinder. 

In getting the foregoing draft constants, we have figured, in 
every case, between the feed roll and the coiler calender roll. In 



/ao 




4L 

^"-/O- 



o-so 



as. 



Fig. 16. Plan of Gearing on the Howard and Bullough 

Card. 



this way the total draft of the machine is obtained, with the ex- 
ception of the slight tension always present between the feed roll 
and the wooden lap roll, but this is too small to affect the results 
to any great extent. 

As mentioned before, there is aways a slight tension between 
the coiler and card calender rolls, and between the card calender 



40 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 



rolls and the doffer. Take the Lowell card, shown in Fig. 15, for 
example, and calculate the tension between the coiler and card 
calender rolls as follows: 



2.125X31 
15X4 



= 1.098. 



,.CJ 






a 



6"/0" 



l± D 



3" D 



/6S /=? F=> M 
v5 0"£7/^\/V 



£5^ CD 



aa 



ao 



zo 






4-"0 



3B. 

'-5 



70 



izi 



4-3. 

■e-oA 



SO 



ff\ 



Qi 



j so 



/2-SS 



13 

1 



y 



k 2.0 SO 



3S. 



Fig. 17. Plan of Gearing on the Potter and Johnston 

Card. 



CARDS. 



41 



Find the tension between the 4 inch card calender roll and the 
24 inch card doffer as follows : 



4X192 



= 1.034. 



30X24.75 

In this calculation the diameter of the doffer is taken at 24.75 
inches or from point of teeth to point of teeth on opposite side of 
doffer, as this is the surface from which the cotton is combed. 
The doffer measurements are always given on the bare surface 
and the clothing is % inch thick, which makes the additional % 
inch added to the doffer diameter. 

If these .two tensions are multiplied together we will get 
1.135 as the total draft or tension between the coiler rolls and the 
doffer, and if we figure this tension from the gearing we find that 
the two coincide as seen below : 



2.125X31X192 
15X30X24.75 



1.135. 



Q/=?/l///\/G 
/=>UL. LETV 




G/R//V/D//VG 
LEV 



p/R/ 1//A/G 



f=L_OOn /_//V£T 



Fig. 18. Side View of Potter and Johnston Card Showing 
Method of Driving Doffer, Flats and Licker-in. 

It must be taken into consideration, that, in using the draft 
constant to get the draft of a card, we get the figured draft, that 
is, the actual ratio between the length of material received and de- 
livered. This draft is always less than the actual draft, as ob- 
tained from the weights on the front and back of the card. As 
the actual draft is the exact ratio between the weights at these 
two points, it must of necessity take into consideration any loss 
of material in the form of waste taken out by the card as the cot- 



42 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

ton passes through. The amount or per cent, of waste made by 
the card must be deducted from the total weight on the back be- 
fore we can get the exact weight of the sliver on the front. 

Example: If the lap on the back of the card weighs 14 
ounces per yard, the card makes 5 per cent, waste, the figured draft 
is 100, what is the weight of the sliver? As the sliver is expressed 
in grains per yard, we must reduce the weight of the lap to grains, 
there being 437.5 grains in an ounce. Now to allow for the waste 
made we can multiply by .95, which is the same as getting 5 per 
cent, of the total and subtracting it from the total weight. The 
following figures will give the weight of the sliver : 

14X437.5X.95 

= 58.19 grains per yard. 

100 

Now if we take the above weight of sliver and divide it into 
the weight of the lap we will get the actual draft of the card : 

14X437.5 

= 105.25 as the actual draft. 

58.19 

In finding the weight of the lap from the weight of the sliver 
on front and the figured draft of the card, the per cent, of waste 
must be taken into consideration just the same as before. 

Example: Sliver weighs 58.19 grains per yard, the figured 
draft is 100, and the waste made is 5 per cent., what is the weight 
of lap on back? 

58.19X100 

= 14 oz. lap. 

437.5X.95 

If we figure the weight of lap from the actual draft of 105.25 
and the weight of sliver obtained above, we get: 

58.19X105.25 

= 13.998 oz. lap. 

437.5 

This is close enough to call a 14 oz. lap. The foregoing ex- 
amples and figures ought to make clear the effect the waste has 
on the weight of the sliver and the difference between figured 
draft, obtained from the gearing, and the actual draft, obtained 
from the weight on front and back of the machine. Always bear 
in mind that the weight on the back of the card is 100 per 
cent, or the whole; that in figuring the weight on the front, the 
waste must be taken out of the total weight going into the ma- 
chine, unless we use the actual draft. Also the weight on the front 
and the figured draft multiplied together will give a certain per- 
centage of the total weight on the back, this percentage depend- 



CARDS. 43 

ing upon the amount of waste taken out during the operation of 
the machine. 

In the above cases, the weight on the back is taken as 100 per 
cent., then the waste is 5 per cent, and the amount tnat passes 
through the machine is 95 per cent. Consequently the weight of 
the sliver multiplied by the figured draft will represent only 95 
per cent, of the amount being fed into the machine, the other 5 
per cent, being waste. The two following formulas are deduced 
from the foregoing remarks and examples: 

To find the weight of sliver : 

Weight of lap x 437.5 x .95 

: == grains per yard in sliver. 

Figured Draft 

To find the weight of lap: 

• Weight of Sliver x Figured Draft 

= = Weight of lap in ozs. 

437.5 x .95 [per yard. 

It will be understood that when the actual draft is known in- 
stead of the figured draft, it is simply a case of dividing the weight 
on the back by the actual draft to get the weight on the front, and 
the weight on the front multiplied by the actual draft will give the 
weight on the back. In the above example the waste of the card has 
been taken as 5 per cent., as this is considered a good fair average, 
but where the waste is more or less, the allowance must be made. 
For instance if the card is making 6 per cent, of waste, use .94 in 
the rules given in place of the .95. 

PRODUCTION. 

The production of the card depends upon the quality and 
quantity of sliver desired and is governed by the weight of the 
sliver, the size and speed of the doffer, and the time lost due to 
stripping, grinding, etc. The amount of time lost, taking all things 
into consideration, will not be far from 10 per cent, for the whole 
room. This is making allowance for one card out of every 24 to 
be stopped for grinding. 

The actual number of pounds delivered by the card during a 
day may vary from 60 to 70 on fine work and sometimes below 
these figures, to 200 or over on coarse work. In the former case, 
quality is the main consideration, and in the latter case the con- 
siderations of quality have been pushed aside by the demands of 
quantity. It is useless to think that the two can go together, for 
whichever one is the most desired, the other falls off. 

The speed of the doffer affects the speed of every part of the 



44 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

card except the cylinder, licker-in and flats. A change in the size 
of the doffer gear has no effect on the draft of the machine or on 
the weight of the sliver, as an increase in the doffer speed in- 
creases the speed of the feed rolls and calender rolls in the same 
proportion, and its only effect is to put more cotton through the 
card in the same time. Consequently, the faster the doffer speed 
the more the card produces. 

In working out the production of the card the following rule 
is used : 

Diameter of doffer x 3.1416 X speed of doffer X minutes per 
day x iveight of sliver X allowance for loss of time -~ inches in 
one yard X grains in one pound. 

Example : Find the production of a card from following data : 
Doffer .27 inches in diameter, doffer speed 14 revolutions per 
minute, weight of sliver 50 grains, working 10 hours a day and 
allowing 10 per cent, for loss of time. Substituting the above 
figures in the formula we get: 

27.75X3.1416X14X600X50X.90 

= 130.77 pounds. 

36X7,000 

To be absolutely accurate in figuring production on the card, 
we should take the speed of the coiler calender rolls, as the sliver 
is weighed after passing them and is lighter than when being 
combed off of the doffer, due to the influence of the tension be- 
tween these points. The production is more than the figures just 
obtained, and the difference will vary with the varying amount of 
tension between these points. The only reason for the use of the 
doffer speed as a basis for production calculations, is that it is 
more easily determined, if not already known. 

If we take the Whitin card gearing, shown in Fig. 14, which 
has a 27 inch doffer, and calculate the speed of the coiler calender 
rolls, we get : 

14X192X39X36 

= 220.7 R. P. M. of coiler rolls. 

25X38X18 

Now take this speed as a basis of calculation, figure the 
production of the card and make the same 10 per cent, allow- 
ance for loss of time, we get : 

2X3.1416X220.7X600X50X.90 

= 148.57 pounds. 

36X7,000 

Figuring by this method shows a difference of 17.8 pounds 
in the total production, or an increase of the former figures of 
about 13 per cent. That is, the production as figured from doffer 



CARDS. 45 

speed is about 13 per cent, less than the card actually produces, 
and, unless some allowance is made for this, all production fig- 
ures will be too small. 

If we calculate the tension between the doffer and coiler cal- 
ender rolls on the card shown in Fig. 14, we get : 

2X36X39X192 

= 1.128 or practically 1.13. 

18X38X25X27.75 

That is, for every yard combed off the doffer, 1.13 yards will 
be delivered into the can, and for every revolution of the doffer, 
Ihere is 13 per cent, more sliver put into the can than its circum- 
ference would indicate. Therefore, any production calculation 
based on doffer speed will necessarily give results that will be too 
little, unless this fact is taken into consideration. 

The tensions between the doffer and coiler calender rolls for 
the different cards illustrated will be seen in the following table 
and will indicate the per cent, of increase in calculating produc- 
tion in each case: 

Fig. 12. Saco-Pettee, 1.15. 

Fig. 13. Mason, 1.15. 

Fig. 14. Whitin, 1.13. 

Fig. 15. Lowell, 1.135. 

Fig. 16. Howard & Bullough, 1.10. 

Fig. 17. Potter & Johnston, 1.05. 

From this table it will be seen that, as a general rule, 13 per 
cent, must be added to the production when calculated upon a 
basis of doffer speed. It must also be understood that the above 
tensions and other drafts and speeds refer to the gearing shown 
in the different drawings, and, unless the machine has exactly the 
same layout of gears, the results will be different. 

For use in figuring productions it is convenient to have a 
constant on account of the amount of time saved. In getting a 
production constant the same method is followed as previously 
dealt with on the pickers. On the card the variable quantities in 
the production calculation are the speed of the doffer and the 
weight of the sliver. Take the figures used in finding the pro- 
duction and eliminate these two quantities, and we get the follow- 
ing, which gives the production constant : 

27.75X3. 1416X600X.90 

= .1868. 

36X7,000 

On account of the above explained tension or draft between 
the doffer and the coiler calender rolls, this figure must be increas- 
ed 13 per cent, to give the correct production, then : 



4G COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

.1868 X 1.13 = .2111 Production Constant. 

As will be noticed this constant is figured lor a 10 hour day, 
allowing 10 per cent, loss of time for oiling, stripping, etc. 

Rule for finding the production, using the production con- 
stant : 

Production constant X revolutions per minute of the doffer x 
weight of sliver = pounds per day per card. 

Example : What is the production of a card with a 27 inch 
doffer, making 14 revolutions per minute and delivering a 50 
grain sliver? 

.2111 X 14X50 = 147.77 pounds. 

The production figured before with same data resulted in 
148.57 pounds, so it will be seen that the constant will 
give results close enough for all practical purposes. As there are 
in use cards with doffers of different diameters, there is given be- 
low a table of constants for production for use on cards that have 
the different size doffers: 

24 inch doffer, .1877 production constant. 

26 inch doffer, .1980 production constant. 

27 inch doffer, .2111 production constant. 

28 inch doffer, .2187 production constant. 

In all the above an allowance of 10 per cent, loss of time has 
been made, and 10 hours is considered as a day ; allowance also has 
been made in the figures for the tension between the doffer and the 
coiler calender rolls. In making changes in the drafts and speeds 
of a card the calculations can be conveniently and quickly made 
by proportion, as illustrated by the following rules. 

Rule to change the weight of the sliver : 

Multiply the weight of the sliver wanted by the gear on the 
card and divide the product by the weight of the sliver on the\ 
card. Answer will be the size gear to use. 

Example: A card is running a 50 grain sliver with a 16 
tooth draft gear. What size gear will have to be used to change the 
sliver to 56 grains? 

56X16 

= 17.9 or 18 tooth draft geai. * 

50 

Also in dealing with the draft and weight instead of gear and 
weight : 

Multiply the draft by the weight on the card and divide by 
the weight wanted. Answer will be the draft needed. 

In changing the draft of the card, use the following rule : 

Multiply the draft of the card by the draft gear and divide 



CARDS. 47 

by the draft wanted. Answer will be the draft gear needed. 

Rule to change doff er speed : 

Multiply the desired speed of doffer by the change gear on 
the card and divide by the present doffer speed. Answer will be 
the size gear needed. 

Rule to change the production of the card : 

Multiply the speed of the doffer by the production wanted 
and divide by the present production of the card. Ansiver will be 
the required speed of the doffer. 

The production of the card can be changed from the size of 
the doffer gear direct, by putting in the above rule the size of 
the change gear in place of the doffer speed. 

Example: A card is producing 160 pounds per day with a 
26 tooth doffer change gear. What size gear will be needed to give 
a production of 135 pounds per day? 

26X135 

= 21.9 or 22 tooth doffer change gear. 

160 



48 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 



CARD DRAFT TABLE 

Showing the Figured Draft for Different Weights of Sliver and Lap 
Allowance of 5 per cent Waste has been made 



Ounces 

Per 

Yard 

in 


GRAINS PER YARD IN SLIVER 






































Lap 


40 


42 


44 


46 


48 


50 


52 


54 


56 


58 


60 


62 


64 


m 


68 


70 


72 


74 


10 


104 


99 


95 


91 


87 


83 


80 


77 


74 




















10.5 


109 


104 


99 


95 


91 


87 


84 


81 


78 


75 


















11 


114 


109 


104 


99 


95 


91 


88 


85 


82 


79 


76 


74 














11.5 


119 


114 


109 


104 


100 


96 


92 


89 


86 


83 


80 


77 


75 












12 


125 


119 


114 


109 


104 


100 


96 


92 


89 


86 


83 


80 


78 


76 










12.5 




124 


119 


114 


109 


104 


100 


96 


93 


90 


87 


84 


81 


79 


76 








13 






123 


118 


113 


108 


104 


100 


96 


93 


90 


87 


85 


82 


79 


77 






13.5 








122 


117 


112 


108 


104 


100 


97 


94 


90 


87 


85 


83 


80 


78 




14 










121 


116 


112 


108 


104 


100 


97 


94 


91 


87 


85 


83 


81 


79 


14.5 












121 


116 


112 


108 


104 


100 


97 


94 


91 


89 


86 


84 


81 


15 












125 


120 


115 


111 


107 


104 


101 


97 


94 


92 


89 


86 


84 


15.5 














124 


120 


115 


111 


107 


104 


101 


98 


95 


92 


89 


87 


16 
















123 


119 


115 


111 


107 


104 


101 


98 


95 


92 


90 


16.5 


















122 


118 


114 


111 


107 


104 


101 


98 


95 


93 


17 




















122 


118 


114 


110 


107 


104 


101 


98 


95 



CARDS. 



49 



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50 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 



CHAPTER IV. 



Combing Process — Calculations for Draft, Speed and Pro- 
duction on Sliver and Ribbon Lappers — Combers, Draft, 
Production and Waste Calculations — Production Con~ 

STANTS. 

THE COMBING PROCESS. 

In the manufacture of the finer grades of cotton yarns in* 
tended for the hosiery and underwear trade, for the better grades 
of cotton dress goods, for mercerizing, for crochet and em- 
broidery cottons and for the manufacture of lace and sewing 
thread, the cotton is passed through another process of cleaning 
after the carding, known as combing. This is intended for use 



56 




/j£ "a/ a 

V 



3= 



3= - 



3=U 



d'< 



£3 



Nnj 
X 



r-i^-EO 






04i£VO£/? /rOL/-S 



T£ 






■So 



u- 



,^L 



,** 



cro 



s " a/ a 



mp 



t^ 5 ° 



f?G4~£-S 



t&£ O'A. 



Fig. 19. Gearing Plan of Whitin Sliver Lapper. 



only in those mills that are making a class of product that is de- 
sired to be exceptionally smooth and clean and, on the coarser 
grades of work, it is entirely too expensive and not necessary to 
use. Only where the cost of production is secondary to the qual- 



COMBING. 



51 



ity of the finished product is it possible to use the combing pro- 
cess to advantage. 

There are usually three machines used in combing, the sliver 
lapper, the ribbon lapper and the comber. The first two are sim- 
ply preparatory machines and are used for the purpose of getting 
the fibers in a parallel condition and putting the material in a 
suitable shape for use on the comber, while the last does the real 
work of cleaning. 

THE SLIVER LAPPER. 

The object of the sliver lapper is to take from 12 to 20 card 










Fig. 20. Plan of Gearing on Mason Sliver Lapper. 



52 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

slivers, give them a draft of from 1.5 to 3.5 and combine them 
into a smooth, even sheet or lap and wind this lap upon a wooden 
spool for use on the ribbon lapper. The drawing bringing the fi- 
ber into parallelism. 

Stop-motions are provided which operate to stop the frame 
when one end breaks or runs out at the back, and also when the 
lap reaches a certain size, thus preventing singles at the back and 
making all laps approximately the same length. 

The drawing is accomplished by means of three or four 
pairs of drawing rolls arranged for common or metallic rolls and, 
in operation and care, similar to those in use on drawing frames. 
In fact both the sliver and ribbon lappers can be considered as 
modified drawing frames. Fig. 19 shows a diagram of the gear- 
ing of the sliver lapper built by the Whitin Machine Works, gear- 
ed for use with leather rolls. This machine has four pairs of 
drawing rolls, which distributes the total draft more widely than 
would be the case with three rolls. 

With a 30 tooth draft gear and figuring the draft between the 
16V4 inch lap roll and the IV2 inch back drawing roll, we get the 
draft, as follows: 

16.25X21X50X20X26X23X72 

= 2.342 total draft. 

68X50X20X50X41X30X1.5 

Using the above formula, but leaving out the 30 tooth draft 
gear, we get the draft constant, as follows : 

16.25 X21-X 50X20X26X23X72 

= 70.267 draft constant. 

68X50X20X50X41XXX1.5 

Constant -=- gear = draft Then : 70.267 -~ 30 = 2.342 draft 

The above total draft is distributed or divided into five inter- 
mediate drafts, as follows: 

(1) Draft between back and third drawing rolls; 

(2) Draft between third and second drawing rolls; 

(3) Draft between second and front drawing rolls; 

(4) Draft between front drawing roll and the calender 
rolls ; 

(5) Draft between the calender rolls and the lap rolls. 

The first three of the above intermediate drafts are the ones 
that perform the real reduction in the bulk or weight of the mate- 
rial, while the last two serve simply to keep the material tight, and 
in no case should be enough to stretch the lap. The break draft, or 
the one that is altered when a change is made in the total draft, is 
between the front and second drawing rolls, the other drafts re- 



COMBING. 53 

maining the same regardless of any change made in the total 
draft. 

Fig. 20 shows a diagram of the gearing of the sliver lapper 
built by the Mason Machine Works. This machine is built on the 
same principles as and is similar to the one shown in Fig. 19, but 
has three drawing rolls. Using a 50 tooth draft change gear on the 
back roll, the following gives the draft: 

12X12X72X20X28X20X50 

= 2.28 draft. 

72X29X20X50X40X22X1.375 

By leaving out the 50 tooth draft gear in the above formula^ 
we get the draft constant as follows : 

12X12X72X20X28X20 XX 

= .0496 draft constant. 

72X29X20X50X40X22X1.375 

In any arrangement of this kind, where the draft gear is a 
driven gear, it will come above the line in the formula for draft, 
and must be treated in a different manner from the one just work- 
ed out. In this case the rules for using the draft constant will be : 

Constant x gear = draft. 

Draft -f- consianz = gear. 

Example : Given a draft constant of .0496, what draft will a 
50 tooth draft gear give? 

.0496 X 50 = 2.28 draft. 

PRODUCTION. 

On either of the above machines the production varies great- 
ly, depending upon the speed at which they are run and the 
weight of the lap produced. The laps vary in weight from 250 to 
450 grains per yard, and the 5 inch calender rolls vary in speed 
from 60 to 120 revolutions per minute, which would give a front 
drawing roll speed of 200 to 450 revolutions per minute. This 
would make the production vary from 500 to 1,500 pounds per 
day of 10 hours, allowing for 25 per cent, loss of time due to stop- 
pages, etc. Basing the production on the speed of the calender rolls, 
the method of figuring would be as follows : 

Example : What would be the production of a sliver lapper, 
if the calender rolls were making 100 revolutions per minate, the 
lap weighing 350 grains per yard, and allowing for 25 per cent, 
loss of time, in a 10 hour day? 

5 X 3.1416 X 100 X 600 X 350 X. 75 

= 981.75 pounds. 

36X7,000 



54 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

In determining the speed of the driving pulleys on the ma- 
chines we must take into consideration the ratio in bpeed between 
the calender rolls and the driving shaft. On the Whitin frame, 
£Gi?.r2d as shown in Fig. 19, one revolution of the driving pulley 
gives one revolution to the calender rolls; so the speed of the two 
will be the same. On the Mason frame, as shown in Fig. 20, it takes 
2.48 revolutions of driving pulley to give the calender rolls one 
revolution, so that the speed of the driving pulley will equal the 
speed of the calender rolls multiplied by 2.48. With this in view 
the following calculations for getting the size of the pulleys need- 
ed to run the machines^ will be understood. 

Example: If the*main line shafting has a speed of 325 revo- 
lutions per minute, what size pulley is needed to drive the calen- 
der rolls of a Whitin sliver lapper at 100 revolutions per minute, 
the driving pulley on the machine being 19 inches in diameter? 

100X19 

= 5.85 inches, or about a 6 inch, pulley is needed. 

325 

Example : Find the size of pulley to drive the calender rolls 
©n a Mason machine at 100 revolutions per minute? In this case we 
must multiply the speed of the calender rolls by 2.48 to get the 
speed of the driving pulleys. 

2.48X100X12 

= 9.15 inches, or about a 9.25 inch pulley. 

325 

THE RIBBON LAPPER. 

The object of the ribbon lapper is to further prepare the laps 
for the comber so that they will be of a more uniform structure 
than is possible with the sliver lapper, thus placing the fibers in 
a better condition for the combing by the needles of the comber. 
It is usually made to double six laps, though sometimes only four 
laps are used. The average draft is six, though we must consider 
the weight of finished laps desired. Each lap is drawn by 
separate drawing rollers and placed one above the other on the 
sliver plate, where they are condensed and calendered by the calen- 
der rolls and wound up in the form of a lap at the end of the ma- 
chine. The laps are made 8 to 12 inches wide, depending upon 
the width of lap the comber can handle. Stop motions are provid- 
ed to stop the machine when a lap runs out, thus preventing sin- 
gles, and also when the laps are full, thus insuring the laps to be 
of uniform length. Leather or metallic rolls may be used for 
drawing, though the common preference seems to be for leather 
rolls on both the sliver and ribbon lappers. 

Fig. 21 shows a diagram of the gearing of the Whitin ribbon 



COMBING. 



55 



lapper. The arrangement of the draft rolls and gearing is very- 
similar to that in use on the drawing frame. The draft gear, as 
shown, is located on the stud with the 100 tooth gear, called the 
crown gear, which is driven from the front roll. The diagram 
shows only one set of drawing rolls, the others being simply a 
continuation of those shown. 



DRAFT GEAR 




Fig. 21. 



Gearing Plan of Whitin Ribbon Lapper. 



Starting with the 16% inch lap roll and figuring back to the 
2% inch wooden lap rolls, we get the following as the draft con- 
stant : 



16.25X21X16X60X100X70X56 
68X48X80X25XXX25X2.75 



286 draft constant. 



Constant -4- gear = draft. Then: 286 -r- 50 = 5.72 draft 
with a 50 tooth draft gear on the machine. 

The drafts occurring between the different drawing rolls are 
the ones that do the real reduction of the bulk of the material, the 
others being, in each case, just enough to keep the material tight. 

Fig. 22 shows a diagram of the gearing of the Mason ribbon 
lapper. This machine is built on the same principle as the one 
shown in Fig. 21. The draft factor, figuring^ between the 12 inch 
lap rolls and the 2% inch wooden lap rolls on 'the back, is obtained 
as follows: 



56 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 



12X21X14X19X68X100X70X56 



300.78 or practically 
[constant. 



301 draft 



50 X20X 40X72X25 XXX 30X2.75 

Constant -f- gear = draft. Constant -r- draft - = gear. 

Then a 50 tooth draft gear would give a draft of 6.02, as fol- 
lows : 301 h- 50 = 6.02 draft. 

PRODUCTION. 

On these two machines the production varies greatly, de- 
pending upon the speed at which the machine is run and the 
weight of the lap. The same remarks made in reference to the 
sliver lap machines can apply here, as regards speeds, etc., and, 



a/A 




Fig. 22. Gearing Plan of Mason Ribbon Lapper. 



as the same size calender rolls are used on all, the same figures for 
getting production will apply. 

Both the Whitin and Mason ribbon lappers are constructed 
to give three revolutions to the driving pulley to one revolution 
of the 5 inch calender rolls ; so the speed of the driving pulley on 
either must be three times the speed of the calender rolls. Both 
machines have 16 inch driving pulley; so the following calcula- 
tions for the size pulley needed to drive the machines will apply 
to both. 

Example: What size pulley will be reqired to drive the rib- 
bon lapper, if the calender roll speed is to be 100 revolutions per 
minute and line shafting speed is 325 revolutions per minute? 



3X100X16 



325 



= 14.76 inches, size of pulley. 



COMBING. 57 

The production formula and calender roll diameter being the 
same on all the machines, and allowing a loss of time of 25 per 
cent., a production constant can be worked out that will be appli- 
cable to any one of the four machines shown. The production cal- 
culation for the sliver lapper, previously given in this chapter, is 
identical with a production calculation for the ribbon lapper. A 
look at this calculation will show that there are only two quanti- 
ties in which we may expect to find any variation, that is, the 
speed of the calender rolls, given as 100 revolutions per minute, 
and the weight of the lap, given as 350 grains per yard. So then, 
if we eliminate these two variable figures from the calculation, 
we get the production constant as follows : 

5 X 3.1416 X 600 X. 75 

= .028 production constant. 

36X7,000 

This constant of .028 multiplied by the speed of the calender 
rolls and the weight of the lap, will give the production of either 
of the machines, based on a 10 hour day and allowing for 25 per 
cent, loss of time. Then .028 x 100 x 350 = 980 pounds. This cor- 
resopnds closely' with the production figured by the former figures. 

As both the sliver and ribbon lappers are, in principle and 
action, only types of drawing frames, and subject the cotton to 
the same treatment, the speed of the front drawing rolls should 
be about the same as that on the drawing frame. To get the best 
results, as regards good, even drawing, the front roll speed should 
be under 375 revolutions per minute. From Fig. 19 the following 
speed ratio is found : 

1X50X41 

=3.428 

26X23 

which shows that the front drawing roll makes 3.428 revolutions 
to every one revolution of the calender roll. Now, if the calender 
roll speed is 100 revolutions per minute, the front drawing roll 
will have a speed of 342.8 revolutions per minute, or 3.428 times 
the speed of the calender roll. This ratio can be determined for 
any machine and enables us to find the front roll speed for any 
given calender roll speed. 

THE COMBER. 

The cotton, having been placed in laps of the proper size and 
weight and the fibers thoroughly paralleled by the two former 
machines, is now placed on the lap rolls of the comber, slowly 
unwound and fed into the machine, which combs out all the trash, 
neps, motes and short fiber. The comber has six or eight heads, 
combing six or eight laps, each lap being combed separately, and 



58 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

the webs from these heads are condensed and formed into separate 
slivers. These slivers are passed along a sliver plate at the front 
of the machine and delivered to the draw-box, which has three 
or four pairs of drawing rolls, fitted with leather or metallic rolls, 
the use of leather rolls being more common. 

Here these individual slivers are drawn, condensed and 
formed into a single sliver which is passed up to the coiler head 
and delivered to the can. After passing through the comber the 
slivers are usually given one or two drawings before being ready 
for the slubbers. 

Fig. 23 shows a diagram of the gearing of the late model 
Whitin high speed comber. This machine is built for higher speeds 
than the older models and will do good work at 125 to 135 nips 
per minute, thus greatly increasing the production over what was 
formerly obtained. 

The feed rolls are driven by a pin on the main, or cylinder 
shaft, which works into a 5 pointed star-wheel. This gives the 
star-wheel 1/5 of a revolution for every one of the cylinder shaft. 
On the same stud with the star-wheel is the draft gear of 14 
to 20 teeth, which drives the feed roll gear of 44 teeth. The feed 
roll drives the 2% inch wooden lap rolls. The draft gear is 
changed to alter the total draft of the machine. The driving shaft 
carries a 30 tooth gear which, by means of the 69 tooth interme- 
diate gear, drives the 80 tooth gear on the cam shaft. The cam 
shaft drives the table calender roll shaft by a 21 to a 142 tooth 
gear. This 21 tooth gear is changeable to regulate the tension on 
the web in the pans. 

The draw-box has a set of four drawing rolls, the draft at 
this point being 5. The gear on the back roll of the draw-box is 
changeable to permit the regulation of the tension on the slivers 
on the sliver plate. The small gear of 27 teeth on the driven end 
of the front roll is a change gear, which gives a change in the 
draft of the draw-box. Any change of this gear gives a change 
in the length of sliver fed out of the draw-box, and necessitates a 
change in the size of the 50 tooth coiler connecting gear which 
drives the coiler upright shaft, to enable the coiler calender rolls 
to take up the sliver delivered by the draw-box. This gear may 
vary from 25 to 75 teeth. 

It is understood that it is usual to change only the draft gear, 
for, after the tensions between the other points have been regu- 
lated and adjusted, no further changes are usually made in them. 
The draft constant of this comber, figuring between the 2 inch 
coiler calender rolls and the 2% inch wooden lap rolls, is found as 
follows : 



COMBING. 59 

2X16X22X60X5X44X23X55X47 
= 709. 



16X22X50X1 XXX23X20X35X2.75 

With a 17 tooth draft gear the total draft would be 
709 -^-47 = 41.3. This, of course, is figured draft and is less than 
the actual draft by a variable amount, depending upon the amount 
of waste taken out by the machine. 

The above total draft is distributed over several points, the 
main portions being between the feed rolls and the table calender 
rolls, where the combing takes place, and in the draw box, where 
the combed slivers are drawn and condensed into a single sliver. 
These are the points where the real reduction in bulk of material 
occurs, the others having just enough draft or tension to keep the 
material tight. 

Fig. 24 shows a diagram of the comber built by the Mason 
Machine Works. In general arrangement it is similar to the one 
shown in Fig. 23. In figuring the draft between the 1 11/16 inch 
cciler calender rolls and the 2% inch lap rolls, we can simplify 
matters by reducing both diameters to sixteenths, in which case 
they would be 27/16 as diameter of the first and 44/16 as diameter 
Gf the latter. Now we can use the two numbers, 27 and 44, to 
represent the diameters of the two rolls. Then the following gives 
the draft: 

27X24X21X53X5X38X23X55X47 

= 26.1 

18X16X90X1X17X23X20X35X44 

By using the above figures with the exception of the 17 tooth 
draft gear, which comes under the line, we get a draft constant 
of 443.7. 

Constant -=- gear = draft, as follows: 443.7-^-17 = 26.1 
draft. 

In order to ascertain the proportion of the total draft that 
cccurs at the combing operation, we will figure the draft between 
the 2% inch table calender rolls and the feed roll as follows : 

2.75X19X80X5X38 

= 5.48 draft. 

142X80X1X17X.75 

The draft between the 2% inch draw-box calender rolls and 
the 1% inch draw-box back roll is: 

2.75X20X45X50X46 

: == 4.41 draft. 

43X37X45X16X1.125 

Following the same method, the tensions can be figured be- 
tween the other points on the machine, and the product of all the 
intermediate drafts will equal the total draft. 



CO 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 




COMBING. 61 

In figuring the weight of sliver delivered by the comber from 
the draft of the machine and the weight of the laps, the percentage 
of waste made must be taken into consideration, as the draft 
just obtained is figured draft and does not take into consideration 
the amount of cotton taken out in the form of waste. On the 
sliver and ribbon lappers there is no loss of material as waste, and 
kence the actual and figured draft will be practically the same. 

On the comber the waste varies from 10 to 25 per cent, and 
will have a corresponding varying effect upon the weight of the 
finished sliver. For example, take a comber with six laps up, , a 
fvgured draft of 30 and making 20 per cent, waste. If the laps 
weigh 300 grains per yard, what will the sliver weigh? 

The total weight entering the machine will be 6 x 300 = 1,800 
grains. Now, if there "is no waste made, 1,800 -^- 30 = 60 grains 
per yard as the weight of the finished sliver. But, of the total 
1,800 grains entering the machine, 20 per cent is lost or taken out 
as waste, leaving only 1,440 grains to be delivered in the form 
of sliver. Then : 1,440 -^- 30 = 48 grains per yard as the weight 
the finished sliver. With the above figures for weight of lap and 
sliver we can figure the actual draft as follows : 

6X300 

= 37.5 actual draft. 

48 

Then it will be seen that a figured draft of 30 with a 20 per 
cent, loss in waste will give an actual draft of 37.5. There are 
several ways of determining the per cent, of waste made, but the 
following is about as short and easy as any : 

Find the figured draft from draft gear and draft factor. 
Find actual draft from weight of sliver and iveight of lap. Divide 
the figured draft by the actual draft and subtract the answer from 
one. 

Example: With comber which is geared to give a figured 
draft of 30 and which has an actual draft of 37.5, what is the per 
cent, of waste being made? 

30 -f- 37.5 = .80. 1 — .80 = .20 or 20 per cent of waste. 

Example : What would have to be the weight of laps to use 
en a comber that is delivering a 48 grain sliver, using a figured 
draft of 30, making 20 per cent, waste and doubling six laps on 
the back? 

48X30 

= 300 grains per yard. 

6X.80 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

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COMBING. 63 



PRODUCTION. 



The production of the comber depends upon the speed of the 
machine, or nips per minute, and the weight of the finished sliver. 
Where the best quality of finished product is desired, it is not 
good policy to use too high a speed or too heavy a sliver, as the 
machine cannot do good work under these conditions. The 
Whitin high-speed comber is capable of making 100 to 140 revo- 
lutions per minute, delivering a sliver varying from 40 to 75 
grains per yard, which gives a total production of 68 to 181 
pounds per day. 

In figuring the production from the nips per minute, we must 
figure out the ratio in speed between the cylinder shaft and the 
coiler calender rolls, as the latter is the real delivery point of the 
machine and the production depends upon the weight of finished 
siver and the speed of the calender rolls. On the single nip machine, 
shown in diagram, the cylinder speed and nips per minute are 
the same, while on a duplex or double nip comber the cylinder 
speed is one-half the number of nips. The ratio between the cylin- 
der speed and the coiler calender rolls, using gears in Fig. 23, is : 

1X60X22X16 

= 1.2 

50X22X16 

Then the cylinder speed or nips per minute multiplied by this 
ratio of 1.2 will give the speed of the coiler calender rolls. As 
before stated, the speed of the coiler rolls is regulated by a change 
gear, and any change made in the size of this gear will change the 
speed of the coiler calender rolls and necessitate a new calculation 
for a ratio between these points. 

Example : What would be the production in a 10 hour day 
on a Whitin comber, geared as shown in Fig. 23, running at a 
speed of 120 nips per minute, delivering a 50 grain sliver, and 
allowing for a loss of time of 5 per cent. ? 

120X1.2X2X3.1416X600X50X.95 

= 102.32 lbs. 

36X7,000 

In the above example the nips per minute are multiplied by 
the ratio of 1.2, and this gives the coiler calender roll speed, the 
other figures being what we ordinarily expect in such a calcula- 
tion. In the above, we can consider that the speed of the machine 
and the weight of the sliver are variable quantities, and, as the 
speed of the coiler calender rolls are sometimes changed to suit 
different conditions of draft and weight of sliver, we may also 
consider the ratio as being a variable quantity. Now considering 



64 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

these three points as varying quantities, the following gives a 
production constant: * 

2X3.1416X600X50X.95 

= .1421. 

36X7,000 

This constant will apply only on the later type of Whitin 
combers, with a loss of time of 5 per cent, based on 10 hours a 
day. The production can be figured from the above constant by 
the following rule: 

Production constant x nips per minute x ratio x grains per 
yard in sliver = pounds per day.^ 

Example: What would be the production of a Whitin 
comber at 120 nips per minute, delivering a 50 grain sliver, allow- 
ing for 5 per cent loss of time? Ratio between cylinder speed 
and coiler roll speed is 1.2. 

.1421 X 120 X 1.2 X 50 = 102.31 pounds. 

,This figure corresponds closely with the production figured 
above. When there is little or no chance of the ratio between the 
coiler rolls and the cylinder shaft being changed, a constant can 
be worked out considering only the nips per minute and the 
weight of the sliver as being variable quantities. With gears as 
used this constant would be .17052, and this constant multiplied 
by the weight of sliver and the nips per minute would give the 
production in pounds, as follows : 

.17052X120X50 = 102.312 pounds produced. 

The production on the Mason comber can be found by the 
same method as used above. The ratio between the speed of the 
cylinder and the coiler calender rolls is found by the following : 

1X53X21X24 

= 1.03. 

90X16X18 

The difference in the two ratios on the two machines can be 
explained by the difference in the amount of draft in the draw- 
box. The greater the draft at this point, the larger the ratio has 
to be. 

Example: Find the production on a Mason comber at 100 
nips per minute, 60 grain sliver, 10 hours a day and 5 per cent, 
loss of time. The 1 11/16 inch coiler rolls are 5.3 inches in 
circumference. 

100 X 1.03 X 5.3 X 600 X 60 X .95 

= 74 lbs. produced. 

36X7.000 



COMBING. 65 

As there is practically no change in tension between the 
coiler rolls and the draw-box, the above ratio of 1.03 will remain 
the same and a production constant can be worked out, consider- 
ing only the speed of the machine and the weight of the sliver 
as being variables, as follows : 

1.03X5.3X600X.95 

= .123. 

36X7,000 

Multiplying this production constant by the nips per minute 
and the weight of sliver ivill give the production. 

The speed of the driving pulleys on the combers is simply a 
matter of taking the nips per minute and multiplying by the ratio 
between the cylinder shaft and the driving shaft. On the Whitin 
frame 2.66 revolutions of driving shaft are necessary to get 
one revolution of cylinder shaft and with the machine running 
at 120 nips per minute, the driving pulleys would make 2.66 x 120 
= 319 revolutions per minute. The calculation for the size of 
pulley needed to drive the machine is similar to that used before. 



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RAILWAYS A ND DRAWING. 69 

CHAPTER V. 



Railway Heads and Drawing Frames — Draft, Speed, and 
Production Calculations — Metallic and Leather Rolls 
— Production Constants. 

railway heads. 

The essential difference between the railway head and the 
drawing frame is the fact that the railway attempts to overcome 
the irregularities in the card sliver by a change in the speed of the 
rolls, while the drawing frame has no such mechanism; and its 
evening effect is obtained solely from the fact that there are six 
ends doubled at the back, drawn out and delivered as one end at 
the front, of about the same weight as the single ends received 
at the back. In the old style of railway head, connected direct to 
a line of cards by means of a travelling apron, or trough, it was 
essential that the front roll be the one to vary in speed as the 
material increased in weight but, after the introduction of the mod- 
ern revolving flat card, the railways took their slivers from cans 
and the back rolls on some were the ones that were made to vary 
in speed according to the bulk of material passing through the 
evener trumpet on the front. 

In Fig. 25 is shown a diagram of the gearing of the railway 
head built by the Lowell Machine Shop. It will be noticed that 
the front roll is driven from the top cone, which is driven from 
the bottom cone, and hence the top cone speed varies with the 
position of the cone belt, this latter depending upon the pull 
exerted by the sliver as it passes through the evener trumpet, 
thus giving a corresponding variation in the speed of the front 
roll. The back roll is driven at a constant speed from the driving 
shaft, and the second and third rolls are driven from the back roll. 
The draft gear is located on the end of the top cone shaft. The 
break draft occurs between the front and second drawing rolls, 
and this draft changes with any movement of the cone belt or 
with any change in the size of the draft gear, the drafts be- 
tween the other rolls remaining the same. This is in accordance 
with the old custom of using the railway in connection with the 
old style stationary flat cards. 

Considering we are using common rolls, or steel fluted bottom 
rolls with leather covered top rolls, the following gives the draft 
constant between the front and back rolls, both diameters being 
expressed as eighths : 



70 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 



12XXX72X30X60 



.15 draft constant. 



36X32X37X27X9 

Rule for using draft constant: 
Constant x gear = draft. 
Draft -r- constant = gear. 

Then a draft gear of 40 teeth would give a total draft of 6, 
as follows: 

15 X 40 = 6. 

It is assumed and understood that the evener cone belt is 
working midway of the cones, where the diameters of the two are 



v3e>- 



^3- 7- 






(11 






JG 



Fig. 25. Gearing Plan of Lowell Railway Head. 



the same and they do not affect the draft. In runnning railways 
this point should be looked after, as it gives plenty of leeway for 
belt movement in either direction when variations in weight of 
card sliver occur. 

In Fig. 26 is shown a diagram of the gearing of the railway 
head built by the Whitin Machine Works. In general plan it is 
similar to the one just illustrated. Using leather rolls the follow- 
ing gives the draft constant, figuring between the 2% inch calen- 
der and the 1% inch back drawing 1 rolls, both diameters being ex- 
pressed as eighths : 



20XXX44X55 
43X30X24X9 



= .1738 draft constant. 



RAILWAYS AND DRAWING. 



71 



Then a draft gear of 30 teeth will give a draft of : 30 x .1738 
= 5.214. 

In Fig. 27 is shown a diagram of the gearing of the railway 
head built by the Saco-Pettee Co. Some differences will be 
noticed in the construction as compared with the two just consid- 
ered. The front roll is driven by a belt from the driving shaft 
under the frame, and has a constant speed. The front roll drives 
the second roll. The back roll is driven from the front roll by 
means of two short cones and a friction belt, and has a variable 



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Fig. 26. Gearing Plan of Whitin Railway Head. 



speed depending upon the position of the cone belt. The back roll 
drives the third roll. Any change in speed of back roll, due to 
change in size of draft gear or movement of cone belt, will change 
the draft between the second and third rolls, the other drafts re- 
maining the same. 



72 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 



Figuring between the 2 inch calender and the 1% inch back 
drawing roll, we get the following draft constant : 

16X32X24X100X60 

= 292 draft constant. 

24X45X26XXX9 

Rule for using draft constant on Saco-Pettee railway head: 

Constant -=- draft = gear. 
Constant -=- gear = draft. 

Therefore a 50 tooth draft gear will give a draft of 5.84. 



<?6- 



X 



<9 &./d-Q/A. 



60 



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^-S 1 - 



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Fig. 27. Gearing Plan of Saco-Pettee Railway Head. 



DRAWING FRAMES. 

Fig. 28 shows a diagram of the gearing of the drawing frame 
built by the Lowell Machine Shop. This gearing is different from 
those to follow in that the draft gear is located in the position 
ordinarily occupied by the crown gear, a larger draft gear having 
the effect of causing a slower speed of the back roll, hence in- 
creasing, instead of decreasing, the draft; and also the third roll 
drives the back roll instead of the back roll driving the third roll, 
as is the common practice. The gears on the end of back and 
calender rolls are numbered two sizes, the letter c referring to the 



RAILWAYS AND DRAWING. 



73 



size gear to use with common rolls and the letter m for metallic 
rolls. 

Using the gearing for common rolls and figuring between 






iS. /=?. /j3 o/* 



3" F?0. A?. /§r Oz>=\. 65^ 



^S-H 



/va. /?. /s o/a. 






/?. /-^.'/D. 



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<2^ 



GAt-.&Ot-l- >3" O/A. 



CAI-. F?OUi- 3" OJA 



D 






U 



-^■5 C 



-.30 



Fig. 28. Gearing Plan of Lowell Drawing Frame. 



calender and back drawing rolls, usirg a 41 tooth draft gear, we 
get a total draft of 6.46, as follows: 

24X61X22X41X65X28X27 

= 6.46 total draft. 

45X61X26X25X25X25X 9 

By leaving out the draft gear of 41 teeth in the above calcu- 
lation, we get the draft constant, as follows: 

24X61X22 XXX 65X28X27 
= .1576 draft constant. 



45X61X26X25X25X25X 9 

Rule for using draft constant on Lowell drawing frame: 
Constant x gear = draft. 
Draft -+- constant = gear. 

By using the same method of figuring we can get the follow- 
ing intermediate drafts : 

Draft occurring between first and second drawing rolls : 

11X35X45 

= 3.08 draft. 

25X25X9 

Draft occurring between second and third drawing rolls: 

9 X25X25X41X65 
= 1.626 draft. 



45X35X26X25X 9 

Draft occurring between third and back drawing rolls: 



74 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

9X27X28 
= 1.209 draft. 



25X25X 9 

Draft occurring between calender and front drawing rolls : 

24X61X22 

= 1.066 draft. 



45X61X11 

The product of these four intermediate drafts should be 
equal to the total draft, as figured previously, or : 

3.08 X 1.626 X 1.209 X 1.066 == 6.46 total draft. 

In using metallic rolls on either drawing frames or railways, 
the common custom is to use a 1% inch front roll and a lVs inch 
roll for the other three lines, bottom and top rolls the same size. 
The rolls are made of different pitch, that is, different number 
of flutes for each inch in diameter; a 32 pitch roll being more 
commonly used on the front line, while a 32 or 24 pitch roll is 
used on the second line, a 24 pitch roll is used on the third line 
and a 16 pitch roll is used on the back line. On account of the 
crimping action of the flutes the rolls deliver more than a smooth 
roll of the same diameter, The pitch line collars, located just 
beyond the flutes, keep the flutes from bottoming, thus prevent- 
ing the cutting of the material as it passes through the rolls. The 
flutes of the coarser fluted rolls are deeper and cause a greater 
crimping of the material and give a greater increase to the deliv- 
ery of the roll. The collars on the 24 and 32 pitch rolls are of 
such size as to give about the same increase in delivery, tests 
having been made which indicate this increase at about 33 per 
cent. The 16 pitch roll, being coarser fluted and the flutes deeper, 
gives about 47 per cent, increase in delivery over a common roll 
of the same diameter. From the above, we can get the effective 
diameter of any metallic roll by increasing its diameter by 33 per 
cent, or 47 per cent, depending upon its pitch, and this method 
can be used in working out draft on metallic rolls. 

The following table gives the diameters, the pitch, the effect- 
ive diameters and the effective diameters reduced to sixths, so as 
to facilitate the finding of draft, etc : 

1 inch roll, 32 pitch, effective diameter 1.33, figured as 8/6. 

1% inch roll, 32 pitch, effective diameter 1.50, figured as 9/6. 

1*4 inch roll, 32 pitch, effective diameter 1.66, figured as 10/6. 

1% inch roll, 32 pitch, effective diameter 1.83, figured as 11/6. 

IV2 inch roll, 32 pitch, effective diameter 2.00, figured as 12/6. 

It should be remembered that any 24 pitch roll can be figured 
as a 32 pitch roll. 



RAILWAYS AND DRAWING. 75 

iy$ inch roll, 16 pitch, effective diameter 1.66, figured as 10/6. 

1% inch roll, 16 pitch, effective diameter 1.83, figured as 11/6. 

1% m ch roll, 16 pitch, effective diameter 2.00, figured as 12/6. 

l!/2 inch roll, 16 pitch, effective diameter 2.07, figured as 13/6. 

A 2 inch calender roll is figured as 12/6. 

A 2% inch calender roll is figured as il5/6. 

A 3 inch calender roll is figured as 18/6. 

With the above table as reference, it is easy to figure the 
draft of metallic rolls. The pitch of a metallic roll is easily 
detected by the appearance of the flutes but, if not certain, count 
the number of flutes and divide by the diameter of the roll. 

In Fig. 29 is shown a diagram of the gearing of the drawing 
frame built by the Whitin Machine Works, geared for metallic 
rolls. The total draft between the 3 inch calender roll and the 
1% inch, 16 pitch back drawing roll, using a 30 tooth draft gear, 
is as follows: 

18X55X19X72X70 

= 6.27 total draft. 

30X56X30X30X10 

The diameters of the calender and back rolls are expressed 
as 18 and 10 as shown in the table above. 

By leaving out the draft gear of 30 teeth in the above calcu- 
lation, we get the draft constant. 

18X55X19X72X70 

= 188 draft constant. 

30X56X30XXX10 

Rule: 

Constant -f- gear = draft. 
Constant -f- draft = gear. 

Assuming the front and second rolls to be 32 pitch, the third 
roll 24 pitch and the back roll 16 pitch, we can figure the draft 
between the different rolls, as follows : 

Draft between calender and front rolls: 

18X55X19 

= 1.017 draft. 

30X56X11 

Draft between front and second rolls : 

11X40X30 

= 2.716 draft. 



20X27X 9 

Draft between second and third rolls : 

9X27X20X72X70X27X24 
= 1.74 draft. 



30X40X30X30X26X36X 9 



7C 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 



Draft between third and back rolls : 

9 X36X26 



= 1.30 draft. 



24X27X10 

The product of these four intermediate drafts is 6.25, which 
is very close to that figured direct from the gearing. 



<9. f* 1^ CtJ/^ 







Fig. 29. Gearing Plan of Whitin Drawing Frame. 



The actual drafts on the railways or the drawing frames, 
as figured from the weight of the slivers on back and front, vary 
somewhat from the figured drafts as obtained from the gearing. 
This difference is due to the varying amount of crimping of the 
material by the flutes of the rolls, and the amount of such varia- 
tion depends upon the bulk of the material being handled. For 
instance, with the same drafts and speed, a heavy sliver being 
doubled and fed into the back of the machine, will show less varia- 
tion in the actual and figured drafts than if a light sliver was 
•being handled. This is explained by the fact that the heavy mass 
of fibers entering the back rolls do not yield to the crimping action 
of the flutes to the extent that a lighter mass of fibers would, and 
hence the increase in the working diameter of the back roll is not 
so great. When the mass has reached the front rolls, its bulk has 
been decreased enough to allow of the full crimping effect of these 
rolls. However, draft calculated by the above method will come 
near enough to the actual draft for most practical purposes. 

Fig. 30 shows a diagram of the gearing of the drawing frame 



RAILWAYS AND DRAWING. 



77 



built by the Saco-Pettee Co. The following gives the draft 
constant, with common rolls, figuring between the 2 inch calender 
and the 1% inch back rolls : 



16X32X24X100X60 



= 316 draft constant. 



24X45X24XXX9 

Figuring the draft constant for metallic rolls, we get the 
following : 

12X42X24X100X60 

= 280 draft constant. 

24X45X24XXX10 

Using a 45 tooth draft gear with metallic rolls will give only 
a draft of 6.22, while with common rolls the same gear will give 




Fig. 30. Gearing Plan of Saco-Pettee Drawing Frame. 



a draft of 7.02. This readily shows the increase in the crimping 
of the coarse fluted back rolls over the finer fluted front rolls, for 
if both the front and back rolls crimped the material to the same 
extent, the drafts with metallic and leather rolls would be the 
same. 



78 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

A diagram of the gearing of the drawing frame built by 
Howard & Bullough, American Machine Co. is shown in Fig. 31. 
Figuring for metallic rolls between the 3 inch calender and the 
lVs inch back roll, we get the following draft constant : 



s3v 






/£ Ot/\ 



Q.*2. '& CD/ A. 



v3-6 



vBr^r- 



ao4 






-*o 



/=: /^. /^ oaa . 



.66 

£3/^/* f^TG £I/\& 
/-CtS "7~0 70 



jae 



/3' 



•V 



voe 



'5a 



/W/4/7V >S/-//A/=*' 



£ 



N 









Fig. .31. Gearing Plan of Howard & Bullough Drawing 

Frame. 



RAILWAYS AND DRAWING. 
18X108X19X98X66 



79 



= 336.8 draft constant. 



52 X 62 X22X XX10 



A diagram of the gearing of the drawing frame built by the 
Mason Machine Works is shown in Fig. 32. This gearing is 
arranged for metallic rolls. The draft constant is 311, as shown 
below : 



15X31X90X48 

= 311 draft constant. 

44X22XXX10 

Rule for using the above two constants 

Constant -j- draft = gear. 
Constant -4- gear = draft. 



&.G2. /^ "/D/A. 



5= 



=o[ 



-i.' 



=^nr 



J«D. /?. /^r 0//\ 



ft 






SNO. fi5. /§ O/ya. 



C/-/A/VC5£r. 

■SO 



>=" <<5. /■ 



O/A. 



C/\L. /^Oi-L. 



m £D/a. 



£D/S/ V//VG Sh/A S=T 



Fig. 32. Gearing Plan of Mason Drawing Frame. 




From the foregoing it will be seen that, with the exception of 
the Lowell drawing frame, all the frames are geared very simil- 
arly. In each case a larger draft gear will drive the back roll 
faster, feed in more material, decrease the draft and increase 
the weight of the sliver on the front. The Saco-Pettee railway 
is similarly arranged, while the Lowell and Whitin railways are 
differently constructed. A larger draft gear on these last two has 
the effect of increasing the speed of the front roll, increasing the 
draft and reducing the weight of the sliver. 

The following rule will give the actual draft of the frames : 



80 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

Weight of single sliver on back x doublings. 

= draft. 

Weight of sliver on front. 

The draft increases as the size of the draft gear decreases 
and the following holds good on all except the Whitin railway and 
the Lowell railway and drawing : 

Gear on the frame x draft of the frame 

= draft gear needed 

Draft desired 

Example: If a drawing frame with a 50 tooth draft gear 
has a draft of 6, what size gear will be needed to give a draft 
of 5.75? 

50X6 

= 52 tooth draft gear. 

5.75 

On the Lowell railway and drawing and the Whitin railway 
the rule would be as follows : 

Gear on frame X draft desired 

= draft gear needed. 

Draft of the frame 

In dealing with the weight of the sliver and the draft gear, 
the following rule applies, with the same exceptions as noted 
above, and enables a change of draft gear direct to give any desir- 
ed variation in weight of sliver : 

Gear on frame X weight of sliver desired 

: = draft gear 

Weight of sliver on frame needed. 

Example : If a drawing frame is producing a 50 grain sliver 
with a 60 tooth draft gear, what size draft gear will be needed 
if the sliver is desired to be 42 grains in weight? 

60X42 

= 50.4 or 50 tooth, draft gear needed. 

50 

On the Lowell railway and drawing and the Whitin railway 
the above rule would be changed to read as follows : 

Gear on frame x weight of sliver on frame 

— draft gear 

Weight of sliver desired. needed. 

PRODUCTION. 
The basis of the production calculations on the above frames 
is the speed of the front roll and the weight of the sliver. In deal- 
ing with the older types of railways and those geared as shown in 



RAILWAYS AND DRAWING. 81 

Figs. 25 and 26, the speed of the front roll is a variable quantity, 
depending upon the size of the draft gear and the position occupied 
by the cone belt. Consequently there is always present a chance 
for error. On the drawing frames and those railways that have 
a constant front roll speed, the production can be figured accu- 
rately. There is always present a small element of error in the 
calculations due to the fact that there is a greater length of 
sliver delivered to the can than is delivered by the front roll, due 
to the tension between these points, necessary to keep the ends 
tight. However, this is small and may be neglected. 

Example: What is the production in a ten hour day of a 
drawing frame, if the front roll is 1% inches in diameter, making 
400 revolutions per minute and delivering a 50 grain sliver? 
Allow for 20 per cent, loss of time and assume the use of common 
rolls. The circumference of a 1% inch common roll is 4.32 inches, 
then: 

4.32X400X600X50X.80 

= 164.6 pounds produced. 

36X7,000 

By eliminating the two variable quantities, the speed of the 
front roll and the weight of the sliver, we get the production con- 
stant, as follows : 

4.32X600X.80 
= .00823. 



36X7,000 

Rule for using the production constant : 

Production constant x revolutions per minute of front roll 
x weight of sliver = pounds per day production. 

Example: Find the production of a drawing frame with a 
front roll speed of 400 revolutions per minute and delivering a 
50 grain sliver? 

.00823 X 400 X 50 = 164.6 pounds. 

The above constant applies to all railways or drawing frames 
with 1% inch front common roll, based on a ten hour day, with 
20 per cent loss of time for stoppages. 

In dealing with frames equipped with metallic rolls, we must 
allow for the extra delivery of the front roll due to the crimping 
action of the flutes. This crimping, as has been noted in a 32 
pitch roll, amounts to about 33 per cent., so, in the above calcula- 
tion, we can increase the circumference of the front roll by 33 per 
cent., and in place of the 4.32 inches used, put 5.75 inches as the 
circumference of the metallic roll. This will give a calculated pro- 
duction of 219 pounds instead of 164.6. Another method of get- 



82 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

ting the same thing would be to increase the production figured 
for common rolls by 33 per cent. 

The above production constant of .00823 can be increased by 
33 per cent., which will give a production constant that can be 
used for metallic rolls, as follows : .00823 X 1.33 = .01095 produc- 
tion constant for metallic rolls. The same rule for use of this 
constant applies as before, then : .1095 X 400 x 50 = 219 pounds 
produced. 

In the above, one delivery is assumed as the basis. The pro- 
duction of a^drawing frame varies directly with the speed of the 
front rolls and the weight of the sliver. 

Example: A drawing frame is producing 160 pounds per 
day with a front roll speed of 400. What speed would be required 
to give a production of 140 pounds per day? 

400X140 

= 350 revolutions per minute of front roll. 

160 

Example: A drawing frame is delivering a 50 grain sliver 
and producing 160 pounds per day. What would be the production 
if the weight of the sliver was increased to 56 grains? 

160X56 

= 179.2 pounds. 

50 

ROLL SETTING. 

No fixed rule can be given for getting the distance to set the 
rolls of a drawing frame or railway head. As a general state- 
ment, the lighter the bulk of material handled and the higher 
the speed of the rolls, the closer they can be set. The following 
distances are usually given as good usage, based on stock 1 inch 
long : 

Between front and second rolls, IVi". 
Between second and third rolls, 1%". 
Between third and back rolls, 1%". 

The above figures apply to leather rolls and, in using metallic 
rolls, they will have to be increased by about Vs" in each case. 
They w : ll not hold good in all cases, as experience will show. The 
only real test of the correctness of the settings is in the appear- 
ance of the sliver as it leaves the front rolls. Irregular and un- 
even drawing will show up at this point and will be easily detected. 



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S4 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

CHAPTER VI. 



Hanks and Numbers. 

The machines following the drawing frames are called fly 
frames or roving frames. This is simply a continuation of the 
drawing process, but with the idea of gradually reducing the bulk 
of the material to a suitable size and putting it in a convenient 
form to be used on the spinning frames. Three processes of fly 
frames are usually used, though, in coarse work, the general rule 
is two processes, or sometimes only one, while in making fine 
yarns four processes are used. The machines are called the 
slubber, the intermediate, the fine frame and the jack frame, each 
having the same end in. view and being built to handle material 
of gradually decreasing bulk. In the mills the fine frames are 
spoken of as speeders and the names coarse speeder and fine 
speeder are often used to designate the intermediate and fine 
frames. 

Up to this point we have dealt with the weight of the product 
of the different machines, expressed as ounces or grains per yard ; 
but, when we reach the fly frames, the product is referred to as 
roving and we no longer use its weight to designate its size, but 
use a different system, the size of the roving being designated by 
the hank and spoken of as a certain size hank roving, as four 
hank roving. So, before taking up the calculations on the fly 
frames, it is best to give a review of this system, together with 
some rules and examples that will be needed when working with 
hanks. 

The principles underlying the numbering of roving or yarn 
are the same, and are based on two fundamental facts : 

First. That 840 yards always constitute a hank. 

Second. That 840 yards, or one hank, of one hank roving or 
number one yarn, always weighs 7,000 grains or one pound. 

Then the hank or size of any roving, or the number or counts 
of any yarn, corresponds to the number of hanks of that yarn or 
roving that it takes to weigh one pound, or 7,000 grains. 

If we measure off 840 yards of roving and find that it weighs 
one pound, it would be called one hank roving, or 1 H. R., and 
one yard of it weighs 8.33 grains, as : 7,000 -s- 840 = 8.33. 

If we measure off 840 yards of roving and find that it weighs 
one-half pound or 3,500 grains, it would be called 2 H. R., because 
it takes two hanks of it to weigh one pound and one yard of it 
weighs 4.166 grains, as : 3,500 -^~ 840 = 4.166. 

When we speak of 10 H. R. we mean that it takes 10 hanks 



HANKS AND NUMBERS. 85 

of it, or ;10 x 840 = 8,400 yards, to weigh one pound. Then it will 
be seen that the hank of the roving or the counts of the yarn refer 
to the number of hanks that it will take to weigh one pound. 

By dividing 7,000 grains by the weight in grains of one hank, 
or 840 yards, of any roving or yarn, we get the hank or counts 
of that roving or yarn. As it is not necessary or convenient to 
measure off 840 yards when sizing our roving or yarn, it is cus- 
tomary to reel only 12 yards of roving and divide its weight in 
grains into 100 and to reel 120 yards of yarn and divide its weight 
in grains into 1000, as 12 and 120 bear the same ratio to 100 and 
1,000 as 840 does to 7,000. 

Example: If 112 yards of roving weigh 25 grains, what is 
its size or hank? 

100-^25 = 4 H. R. 

Example : If 120 yards of yarn weigh 40 grains, what is its 
size or counts ? 

1,000 -T- 40 = 25's yarn. 

In dealing with odd lengths of yarn or roving, the following 
rule will be found useful, and is the basis of several others : 

The number of yards of roving or yarn X 8-33 -=- weight in 
grains of the length taken == the size. 

Example: If 20 yards of roving weigh 33 grains, what is 
its size? 

20X8.33 

= 5 H. R. 

33 

One thing must be borne in mind when dealing with hanks 
and counts : The larger the H. R., the less it weighs per yard and 
the greater the number of yards or hanks it takes to weigh one 
pound; the smaller the H. R., the greater the weight per yard 
and the less the number of yards or hanks it takes to weigh one 
pound. For instance, a 2 H. R. weighs 4.166 grains per yard and 
there are 1,680 yards or 2 hanks to one pound, while a 6 H. R. 
weighs 1.388 grains per yard and there are 5040 yards or 6 hanks 
to one pound. 

The weight per yard of any roving can be found by dividing 
8.33 by the hank of the roving, and the weight of 12 yards can 
be found by dividing 100 by the hank of the roving. 

The following rules and examples will be found useful in 
figuring drafts and numbers on the fly frames. In figuring on 
the slubber, the material on the back is expressed by the weight 
per yard and this must be reduced to hanks, by dividing this 



8b COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

weight into 8.33, to correspond with the roving on the front, or 
the weight of the roving on the front can be figured in grains per 
yard and this weight reduced to its equivalent hank roving. 

Example : If the sliver on the back of the slubber weighs 60 
grains per yard and the draft of the machine is 4, what is the H. R. 
delivered on the front? 

60 -r- 4 = 15 grains. 8.33 -4- 15 = .55 H. R. 

In this case the weight on the back of the slubber is divided 
by the draft, which gives 15 grains per yard as the weight of the 
roving. Then 8.33 divided by this weight will reduce it to its 
equivalent hank. 

From the hank roving on the front of the slubber and the 
draft, it is easy to figure the weight of the sliver on the back by 
the following rule : 

Divide the H. R. on front of slubber by the draft and divide 
8.33 by this number. 

Example: A slubber has a draft of 4 and is running a .55 
H. R. What is the weight of the drawing sliver on the back? 

.55 -¥- 4 = .1375. 8.33 -f- .1375 = 60 grains. 

In working with the weight of the material on the previous 
machines, the weight on the back divided by the draft gave the 
weight on the front, but, in dealing with hanks, the weight de- 
creasing as the number increases, the reverse is true and the hank 
on the back, multiplied by the draft, will give the hank on the 
front. On the intermediate and fine frames, where there are two 
ends doubled in the creel to be drawn and combined into one end 
on the front, the size of the single roving in the creel must be 
divided by two. For illustration, two ends of 2 H. R. doubled in 
the creel are the equivalent in size and weight of one end of 1 H. R. 
and should be so treated; also 5 H. R. doubled in the creel is the 
equivalent of a single 2.5 H. R. 

From the above we get the following rules. Rule to find the 
H. R. a frame is delivering when the draft and H. R. in the creel 
are known: 

H. R. in creel X draft -=- 2 f= H. R. on front. 

Example: The H. R. in creel is 1.5 doubled, draft of ma- 
chine is 5, what is the H. R. on the front? 

1.5X5 

= 3.75 H. R. on front. 

2 

Rule to find the draft when the H. R. on front and in the creel 
are known : 



HANKS AND NUMBERS. 87 

H. R. on front x 2 s- H. R.Jn creel = draft. 

Example: The H. R. being delivered on front is 15, with 
5 H. R. doubled in the creel. What is the draft? 

15X2 

= 6 draft. 

5 

Rule to find the H. R. in the creel, the draft of the machine 
and the H. R. on front being known : 

H- R. on front x 2 -f- draft = H. R. in the creel. 

Example : If the H. R. on the front is 10 and the draft is 5, 
what is the size of the single roving in the creel? 

10X2 

*— = 4 H. R. in the creel. 

5 

The following problem, worked out first by the hanks and sec- 
ondly, by the weight of the material, will illustrate clearly both 
methods and serve to show that either one is correct. 

Example: What size roving is being made if the sliver on 
the back of the slubber weighs 42 grains per yard? The slubber 
has a draft of 4, the intermediate a draft of 5, and the fine frame 
a draft of 6, with roving doubled in the creels of the intermediate 
and fine frames. 

(1). 8.33 -f- 42 = .198. 

198X4X5X6 

= 5.95 H. R. 

2X2 
(2). 42X2X2 



= 1.4. 

4X5X6 

8.33 -=-1.4 = 5.95 H. R. 

In working the above example, the first method was to re- 
duce the 42 grain sliver, on the back of the slubber, to .198 hank 
sliver by dividing 8.33 by 42 and then multiplying this .198 by the 
drafts on the three fly frames and dividing by the doublings on the 
intermediate and fine frames. In the second method illustrated, 
the weight of the sliver on the back of the slubber was divided 
by the drafts of the three frames and multiplied by the doublings 
on the intermediate and fine frames. This gives the weight, in 
grains per yard, of the fine roving, and 8.33 divided by this weieht 
gives the size of the roving. 



88 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

TABLE FOR NUMBERING ROVING. 



12 yds. 


Hank 


12 yds. 


Hank 


12 yds. 


Hank 


12 yds. 


Hank 


12 yds. 


Hank K 


weigh 




weigh 




weigh 




weigh 




weigh 




grains. 


roving. 


grains. 


roving. 


grains 


roving. 


grains. 


roving. 


grains. 


roving. 


1. 


100.00 


9. 


11.11 


16. 


6.25 


33. 


4.35 


30. 


3.33 


.2 


83.33 


.1 


10.99 


.1 


6.21 


.1 


4.33 


.1 


3.32 


A 


71.43 


.2 


10.87 


.2 


6.17 


.2 


4.31 


.2 


3.31 


.6 


62.50 


.3 


10.75 


!3 


6.13 


.3 


4.29 


.3 


3.30 


.8 


55.56 


.4 


10.64 


.4 


6.10 


.4 


4.27 


.4 


3.29 


3. 


50.00 


.5 


10.53 


.5 


6.06 


.5 


4.26 


.5 


3.28 


.2 
.4 


45.45 


.6 


10.42 


.6 


6.02 


.6 


4.24 


.6 


3.27 


41.67 


.7 


10.31 


.7 


5.99 


.7 


4.22 


.7 


3.26 


.6 


38.46 


.8 


10.20 


.8 


5.95 


.8 


4.20 


.8 


3.25 


.8 


35.71 


.9 


10.10 


.9 


5.92 


.9 


4.18 


.9 


3.24 


3. 


33.33 


10 


10.00 


17. 


5.88 


34. 


4.17 


31 


3.23 


.1 


32.26 


.1 


9.90 


.1 


5.85 


.1 


4.15 


.1 


3.22 


.2 


31.25 


.2 


9.80 


.2 


5.81 


.2 


4.13 


1 .2 


3.21 


.3 


30.30 


!3 


9.71 


.3 


5.78 


.3 


4.12 


.3 


3.19 


A 


29.41 


.4 


9.62 


.4 


5.75 


A 


4.10 


.4 


3.18 


.5 


28.57 


.5 


9.52 


.5 


5.71 


• a 


4.08 


.5 


3.17 


.6 


27.78 


.6 


9.43 


.6 


5.68 


.6 


4.07 


.6 


3.16 


.7 


27.03 


.7 


9.35 


.7 


5.65 


.7 


4.05 


.7 


3.15 


.8 


26.32 


.8 


9.26 


.8 


5.62 


.8 


4.03 


.8 


3.14 


.9 


25.64 


.9 


9.17 


.9 


5.59 


.9 


4.02 


.9 


3.13 


4. 


25.00 


11. 


9.09 


18. 


5.56 


35. 


4.00 


33. 


3.12 


.1 


24.39 


.1 


9.01 


.1 


5.52 


.1 


3.98 


.1 


3.12 


.2 


23.81 


.2 


8.93 


.2 


5.49 


.2 


3.97 


.2 


3.11 


.3 


23.26 


.3 


8.85 


.3 


5.46 


.3 


3.95 


.3 


3.10 


A 


22.73 


.4 


8.77 


.4 


5.43 


.4 


3.94 


.4 


3.09 


.5 


22.22 


.5 


8.70 


.5 


5.41 


.5 


3.92 


.5 


3.08 


.6 


21.74 


.6 


8.62 


.6 


5.38 


.6 


3.91 


.6 


3.07 


.7 


21.28 


.7 


8.55 


.7 


5.35 


.7 


3.89 


.7 


3.06 


.8 


20.83 


.8 


8.47 


.8 


5.32 


.8 


3.88 


.8 


3.05 


.9 


20.41 


.9 


8.40 


.9 


5.29 


.9 


3.86 


.9 


3.04 


5. 


20.00 


12. 


8.33 


19- 


5.26 


36. 


3.85 


33. 


3.03 


.1 


19.61 


.1 


8.26 


.1 


5.24 


.1 


3.83 


.1 


3.02 


.2 


19.23 


.2 


8.20 


.2 


5.21 


.2 


3.82 


.2 


3.01 


.3 


18.87 


.3 


8.13 


.3 


5.18 


.3 


3.80 


!3 


3.00 • 


A 


18.52 


.4 


8.06 


.4 


5.15 


.4 


3.79 


.4 


2.99 


.5 


18.18 


.5 


8.00 


.5 


5.13 


.5 


3.77 


.5 


2.99 


.6 


17.86 


.6 


7.94 


.6 


5.10 


.6 


3.76 


.6 


2.98 


' .7 


17.54 


.7 


7.87 


.7 


5.08 


.7 


3.75 


.7 


2.97 


.8 


17.24 


.8 


7.81 


.8 


5.05 


.8 


3.73 


.8 


2.96 


.9 


16.95 


.9 


7.75 


.9 


5.03 


.9 


3.72 


.9 


2.95 


6.. 


16.67 


13. 


7.69 


20. 


5.00 


37- 


3.70 


34. 


2.94 


.1 


16.39 


.1 


7.63 


.1 


4.98 


.1 


3.69 


.1 


2.93 


.2 


16.13 


.2 


7.58 


.2 


4.95 


.2 


3.68 


.2 


2.92 


.3 


15.87 


.3 


7.52 


.3 


4.93 


.3 


3.66 


.3 


2.92 


.4 


15.62 


.4 


7.46 


.4 


4.90 


.4 


3.65 


.4 


2.91 


.5 


15*8 


.5 


7.41 


.5 


4.88 


.5 


3.64 


.5 


2.90 


.6 


15.15 


.6 


7.35 


.6 


4.85 


.6. 


3.62 


.6 


2.89 


.7 


14.93 


.7 


7.30 


.7 


4.83 


.7 


3.61 


.7 


2.88 


.8 


14.71 


.8 


7.25 


.8 


4.81 


.8 


3.60 


.8 


2.87 


.9 


14.49 


.9 


7.19 


.9 


4.78 


.9 


3.58 


.9 


2.87 


7. 


14.29 


14. 


7.14 


21 


4.76 


38. 


3.57 


35. 


2.86 


.1 


14.08 


.1 


7.09 


.1 


4.74 


,1 


3.56 


.1 


2.85 


.2 


13.89 


.2 


7.04 


.2 


4.72 


.2 


3.55 


.2 


2.84 


.3 


13.70 


.3 


6.99 


.3 


4.69 


.3 


3.53 


.3 


2.83 


.4 


13.51 


.4 


6.94 


.4 


4.67 


.4 


3.52 


.4 


2.82 


.5 


13.33 


.5 


6.90 


.5 


4.65 


.5 


3.51 


.5 


2.82 


.6 


13.16 


.6 


6.85 


.6 


4.63 


.6 


3.50 


.6 


2.81 


.7 


12.99 


.7 


6.80 


.7 


4.61 


.7 


3.49 


.7 


2.80 


.8 


12.82 


.8 


6.76 


.8 


4.59 


.8 


3.47 


.8 


2.79 


.9 


12.66 


.9 


6.71 


.9 


4.57 


.9 


3.46 


.9 


2.79 


8. 


12.50 


15. 


6.67 


33. 


4.55 


39. 


3.45 


36. 


2.78 


.1 


12.35 


.1 


6.62 


.1 


4.52 


.1 


3.44 


.1 


2.77 


.2 


12.20 


.2 


6.58 


.2 


4.50 


.2 


3.42 


.2 


2.76 


.3 


12.05 


.3 


6.54 


.3 


4.48 


!3 


3.41 


.8 


2.75 


.4 


11.90 


.4 


6.49 


.4 


4.46 


.4 


3.40 


.4 


2.75 


.5 


11.70 


.5 


6.45 


.5 


4.44 


.5 


3.39 


.5 


2.74 


.6 


11.63 


.6 


6.41 


.<". 


4.42 


.6 


3.38 


.6 


2.73 


.7 


11.49 


.7 


6.37 


.7 


4.41 


.7 


3.37 


.7 


2.72 


.8 


11.36 


.8 


6.33 


.8 


4.39 


.8 


3.36 


.8 


2.72 


.9 


11.24 


.9 


6.29 


.9 


4.37 


.9 


3.34 


.9 


2.71 



USED BY PERMISSION OF DRAPER CO. 



HANKS AND NUMBERS. 



89 



TABLE FOR NUMBERING ROVING. 



12 yds. 


Hank 


12 yds.' 


Hank 


12 yds. ! 


Hank 


12 yds. 


Hank 


12 yds. 


Hank 


weigh 




wtigh 




weigh 
grains. 




weigh 




weigh 




grains. 


roving. 


grains. 


roving. 


roving. 


grains. 


roving. 


grains. 


roving 


37. 


2.70 


48. 


2.08 


65 


1.54 


100 


1.00 


190 


.53 


.1 


2.70 


.2 


2.07 


.5 


1.53 


101 


.00 


11)2 


.52 


.2 


2.69 


.4 


2.07 


66._ 


1.52 


102 


.98 


11)4 


.52 


.3 


2.68 


.6 


2.06 


.5 


1.50 


103 


.97 


196 


.51 


.4 


2.67 


.8 


2.05 


67 


1.49 


104 


.96 


198 


.51 


.5 


2.67 


49 


2.04 


.5 


1.4S 


105 


.95 


200 


.50 


.6 


2.66 


.2 


2.03 


68. 


1.47 


106 


.94 


202 


.50 


.7 


2.65 


.4 


2.02 


.5 


1.46 


107 


.93 


204 


.49 


.8 


2.65 


.6 


2.02 


69. 


1.45 


108 


.93 


206 


.49 


.9 


2.64 


.8 


2.01 


.5 


1.44 


109 


.92 


208 


.48 


38. 


2.63 


50. 


2.00 


70. 


1.43 


110 


.91 


210 


.48 


.1 


2.62 


.2 


1.99 


.5 


1.42 


111 


.90 


212 


.47 


.2 


2.62 


.4 


1.98 


71. 


1.41 


112 


.89 


214 


.47 


.3 


2.61 


.6 


1.98 


.5 


1.40 


113 


.88 


216 


.46 


.4 


2.60 


.8 


1,97 


72. 


1.39 


114 


.88 


218 


.46 


.5 


2.60 


51 


1.96 


.5 


1.38 


115 


.87 


220 


.45 


.6 


2.59 


.2 


1.95 


73 v 


1.37 


116 


.86 


222 


.45 


.7 


2.58 


.4 


1.95 


.5 


1.36 


117 


.85 


224 


.45 


.8 


2.58 


.6 


1.94 


74. 


1.35 


118 


.85 


226 


.44 


.9 


2.57 


.8 


1.93 


.5 


1.34 


119 


.84 


228 


.44 


39. 


2.56 


53. 


1.92 


75. 


1.33 


120 


.83 


230 


.43 


.1 


2.56 


.2 


1.92 


.5 


1.32 


121 


.83 


235 


.43 


.2 


2.55 


.4 


1.91 


76. 


1.32 


122 


.82 


240 


.42 


.3 


2.54 


.6 


1.90 


.5 


1.31 


123 


.81 


245 


.41 


A 


2.54 


.8 


1.89 


77. 


1.30 


124 


c81 


250 


.40 


.5 


2.53 


53 


1.89 


.5 


1.29 


125 


.80 


255 


.31) 


.6 


2.53 


.2 


1.88 


78. 


1.28 


126 


.79 


260 


.38 


.7 


2.52 


.4 


1.87 


.5 


1.27 


127 


.79 


265 


.38 


.8 


2.51 


.6 


1.87 


79. 


1.27 


128 


.78 


270 


.37 


.9 


2.51 


.8 


1.86 


.5 


1.26 


129 


.78 


275 


.36 


40. 


2.50 


54. 


1.85 


80. 


1.25 


130 


.77 


280 


.36 


.2 


2.49 


.2 


1.85 


.5 


1.24 


131 


.76 


285 


.35 


.4 


2.48 


A 


1.84 


81. 


1.23 


132 


.76 


290 


.34 


.6 


2.46 


.6 


1.83 


.5 


1.23 


133 


,75 


295 


.34 


.8 


2.45 


.8 


1.82 


82. 


1.22 


134 


.75 


300 


.33 


41. 


2.44 


55. 


1.82 


.5 


1.21 


135 


.74 


305 


.33 


.2 


2.43 


.2 


1.81 


83. 


1.20 


136 


.74 


310 


.32 


!4 


2.42 


.4 


1.81 


.5 


1.20 


137 


.73 


315 


.32 


.6 


2.40 


.6 


1.80 


84. 


1.19 


138 


.72 


320 


.31 


.8 


2.39 


.8 


1.79 


.5 


1.18 


139 


.72 


330 


.30 


42. 


2.38 


56. 


1.79 


85. 


1.18 


140 


.71 


340 


.29 


.2 


2.37 


.2 


1.78 


.5 


1.17 


141 


.71 


350 


.29 


.4 


2.36 


.4 


1.77 


86. 


1.16 


142 


.70 


360 


.28 


.6 


2.35 


.6 


1.77 


.5 


1.16 


143 


.70 


370 


.27 


.8 


2.34 


.8 


1.76 


87. 


1.15 


144 


.69 


380 


.26 


43. 


2.33 


57. 


1.75 


.5 


1.14 


145 


.69 


390 


.26 


# 2 


2.31 


.2 


1.75 


88. 


1.14 


146 


.68 


400 


.25 


!4 


2.30 


.4 


1.74 


.5 


1.13 


147 


.68 


410 


.24 


.6 


2.29 


.6 


1.74 


89. 


1.12 


148 


.68 


420 


.24 


.8 


2.28 


.8 


1.73 


.5 


1.12 


149 


.67 


430 


.2.-. 


44. 


2.27 


58. 


1.72 


90. 


1.11 


150 


.67 


440 


.23 


.2 


2.26 


.2 


1.72 


.5 


1.10 


152 


.66 


450 


.22 


'.4 


2.2.1 


.4 


1.71 


91. 


1.10 


154 


.05 


460 


.22 


.(5 


2.24 


.6 


1.71 


.5 


1.09 


156 


.04 


-4 70 


!21 


.8 


2.20 


.8 


1.70 


92. 


1.09 


158 


.03 


4S0 


.21 


45. 


2. -'2 


59. 


1.69 


.5 


1.08 


160 


.02 


400 


.20 


.2 


• 2.21 


.2 


1.69 


93. 


1.0S 


102 


.< - .2 


.-,(»() 


.20 


.4 


2.20 


!4 


1.68 


.5 


1.07 


164 


.01 


525 


.19 


.0) 


2.1'.) 


.6 


1.68 


94. 


1.06 


166 


.00 


550 


.is 


.8 


2.18 


.8 


1.67 


.5 


1.06 


168 


.60 


576 


.17 


46. 


2.17 


60. 


1.67 


95. 


1.05 


170 


.r,o 


OOO 


.17 


.2 


2.16 


.5 


1.65 


.5 


1.05 


172 


.58 


625 


.16 


.4 


2.16 


61. 


1.64 


96. 


1.04 


174 


.r,7 


650 


.15 


.6 


2.15 


.5 


1.63 


.5 


L.04 


170 


..".7 


7.'. 


.15 


.8 


2.14 


62. 


1.61 


;>:. 


1.03 


17S 


.56 


700 


.14 


47. 


2 1 3 


.5 


1.60 


.5 


L.03 


ISO 


.56 


72T. 


.14 


.2 


2.12 


<;:;._ 


1.59 


98. 


1 .02 


1S2 


..-,.-» 


77.> 


.13 


.4 


2.11 


.5 


1.57 


.5 


1 .02 


1S4 


.54 


825 


.12 


.6 


2.10 


64. 


1.56 


99. 


1.01 


1 SO 


.54 


OOO 


.1 1 


.8 


2.09 


.5 


1.55 


.5 


1.01 


188 


.53 


looo 


.10 



USED BY PERMISSION OF DRAPER CO. 



TWIST OF ROVING. 



Hank 


Square 


Twist, 
1.2 X 


Hank 


Square 


Twist, 
1.2 X 


Hank 

rov- 


Square 


Twist, 
1.2 X 


Hank 


Square 


Twist, 
1.2 X 


O V- 


root. 


sq. 


. 


root. 


sq. 




root. 


sq. 


. 


root. 


sq. 


mg. 




root. 


ing. 




root. 


ing. 




root. 


mg. 




root. 


.10 


c 316 


.38 


.80 


.894 


1.07 


2.20 


1.483 


1.78 


4.32 


2.078 


2.49 


.11 


.332 


.40 


.82 


.906 


1.09 


2.22 


1 


490 


1.79 


4.36 


2.088 


2.51 


.12 


.346 


.41 


.84 


.917 


1.10 


2.25 


1 


500 


1.80 


4.40 


2.098 


2.52 


.13 


.361 


.43 


.86 


.927 


1.11 


2.28 


1 


510 


1.81 


4.44 


2.107 


2.53 


.14 


.374 


.45 


.88 


.938 


1.13 


2.31 


1 


520 


1.82 


4.48 


2.117 


2.54 


.15 


.387 


.46 


.90 


.949 


1.14 


2.34 


1 


530 


1.84 


4.52 


2.120 


2.55 


.16 


.400 


.48 


.92 


.959 


1.15 


2.37 


1 


539 


1.85 


4.56 


2.135 


2.56 


.17 


.412 


.49 


.94 


.970 


1.16 


2.40 


1 


.549 


1.80 


4.60 


2.145 


2.57 


.18 


.424 


.51 


.96 


.980 


1.18 


2.43 


1 


.559 


1.87 


4.64 


2.154 


2.58 


.19 


.436 


.52 


.98 


.990 


1.19 


2.46 


1 


.568 


1.88 


4.68 


2.163 


2.60 


.20 


.447 


.54 


1.00 


1.000 


1.20 


2.49 


1 


.578 


1.89 


4.72 


2.173 


2.61 


.21 


.458 


.55 


1.02 


1.010 


1.21 


2.52 


1 


.587 


1.90 


4.76 


2.182 


2.62 


.22 


.469 


.56 


1.04 


1.020 


1.22 


2.55 


1 


597 


1.92 


4.80 


2.191 


2.63 


.23 


.480 


.58 


1.06 


1.030 


1.24 


2.58 


1 


606 


1.93 4.84 


2.200 


2.64 


.24 


.490 


.59 


1.08 


1.039 


1.25 


2.61 


1 


.616 


1.94 


4.88 


2.209 


2.65 


.25 


.500 


.60 


1.10 


1.049 


1.26 


2.64 


1 


.625 


1.95 


4.92 


2.218 


2.66 


.26 


.510 


.61 


1.12 


1.058 


1.27 


2.67 


1 


.634 


1.96 


4.96 


2.227 


2.67 


.27 


.520 


.62 


1.14 


1.068 


1.28 


2.70 


1 


643 


1.97 


5.00 


2.236 


2.68 


.28 


.529 


.63 


1.16 


1.077 


1.29 


2.73 


1 


.652 


1.98 


5.04 


2.245 


2.69 


.29 


.539 


.65 


1.18 


1.086 


1.30 


2.76 


1 


.661 


1.99 


5.08 


2.254 


2.70 


.30 


.548 


.66 


1.30 


1.095 


1.31 


2.79 


1 


.670 


2.00 


5.12 


2.263 


2.72 


.31 


.obi 


.67 


1.22 


1.105 


1.33 


2.82 


1 


.679 


2.01 


5.16 


2.272 


2.73 


.32 


.566 


.68 


1.24 


1.114 


1.34 


2.85 


1 


.688 


2.03 


5.20 


2.280 


2.74 


.33 


.574 


.69 


1.26 


1.122 


1.35 


2.88 


1 


697 


2.04 


5.24 


2.289 


2.75 


.34 


.583 


.70 


1.28 


1.131 


1.36 


2.91 


1 


706 


2.05 


5.28 


2.298 


2.76 


.35 


.592 


.71 


1.30 


1.140 


1.37 


2.94 


1 


715 


2.06 


5.32 


2.307 


2.77 


.36 


.600 


.72 


1.32 


1.149 


1.38 


2.97 


1 


723 


2.07 


5.36 


2.315 


2.78 


.37 


.608 


.73 


1.34 


1.158 


1.39 


3.00 


1 


732 


2,08 


5.40 


2.324 


2.79 


.38 


.616 


.74 


1.36 


1.166 


1.40 


3.03 


1 


741 


2.09 


5.44 


2.332 


2.80 


.39 


.624 


.75 


1.38 


1.175 


1.41 


3.06 


1 


749 


2.10 


5.48 


2.341 


2.81 


.40 


.632 


.76 


1.40 


1.183 


1.42 


3.09 


1 


758 


2.11 


5.52 


2.349 


2.82 


.41 


.640 


.77 


1.42 


1.192 


1.43 


3.12 


1 


766 


2.12 


5.56 


2.358 


2.83 


.42 


.648 


.78 


1.44 


1.200 


1.44 


3.15 


1 


775 


2.13 


5.60 


2.366 


2.84 


.43 


.656 


.79 


1.46 


1.208 


1.45 


3.18 


1 


783 


2.14 


5.64 


2.375 


2.85 


.44 


.663 


.80 


1.48 


1.217 


1.46 


3.21 


1 


792 


2.15 


5.68 


2.383 


2.86 


.45 


.671 


.80 


1.50 


1.225 


1.47 


3.24 


1 


800 


2.16 


5.72 


2.392 


2.87 


.46 


.678 


.81 


1.52 


1.233 


1.48 


3.27 


1 


808 


2.17 


5.76 


2.400 


2.88 


.47 


.686 


.82 


1.54 


1.241 


1.49 


3.30 


1 


817 


2.18 


5.80 


2.408 


2.89 


.48 


.693 


.83 


1.56 


1.249 


1.50 


3.33 


1 


825 


2.19 


5.84 


2.416 


2.90 


.49 


.700 


.84 


1.58 


1.257 


1.51 


3.36 


1 


833 


2.20 


5.88 


2.425 


2.91 


.50 


.707 


.85 


1.60 


1.265 


1.52 


3.39 


1 


841 


2.21 


5.92 


2.433 


2.92 


.51 


.714 


.86 


1.62 


1.273 


1.53 


3.42 


1 


849 


2.22 


5.96 


2.441 


2.93 


.52 


-.721 


.87 


1.64 


1.281 


1.54 


3.45 


1 


857 


2.23 


6.00 


2.449 


2.94 


.53 


.728 


.87 


1.66 


1.288 


1.55 


3.48 


1 


865 


2.24 


6.04 


2.458 


2.95 


.54 


.735 


.88 


1.68 


1.296 


1.56 


3.51 


1 


873 


2.25 


6.08 


2.466 


2.93 


.55 


.742 


.89 


1.70 


1.304 


1.56 


3.54 


1 


881 


2.26 


6.12 


2.474 


2.97 


.56 


.748 


.90 


1.72 


1.311 


1.57 


3.57 


1 


889 


2.27 


6.16 


2.482 


2.98 


.57 


.755 


.91 


1.74 


1.319 


1.58 


3.60 


1 


897 


2.28 


6.20 


2.490 


2.99 


.58 


.762 


.91 


1.76 


1.327 


1.59 


3.63 


1 


905 


2.29 


6.24 


2.498 


3.00 


.59 


.768 


.92 


1.78 


1.334 


1.60 


3.66 


1 


913 


2.30 


6.28 


2.506 


3.01 


.60 


.775 


.93 


1.80 


1.342 


1.61 


3.69 


1 


921 


2.31 6.32 


2.514 


3.02 


.61 


.781 


.94 


1.82 


1.349 


1.62 


3.72 


1 


929 


1.31 


6.36 


2.522 


3.03 


.62 


.787 


.94 


1.84 


1.356 


1.63 


3.75 


1 


936 


2.32 


6.40 


2.530 


3.04 


.63 


.794 


.95 


1.86 


1.364 


1.64 


3.78 


1 


944 


2.33 


6.44 


2.538 


3.05 


.64 


.800 


.96 


1.88 


1.371 


1.65 


3.81 


1 


952 


2.34 


6.48 


2.546 


3.05 


.65 


.806 


.97 


1.90 


1.378 


1.65 


3.84 


1 


960 


2.35 


6.52 


2.553 


3.06 


.66 


.812 


.97 


1.92 


1.386 


1.66 


3.87 


1 


967 


2.36 


6.56 


2.561 


3.07 


.67 


.819 


.98 


1.94 


1.393 


1.67 


3.90 


1 


975 


2.37 


6.60 


2.569 


3.08 


.68 


.825 


.99 


1.96 


1.400 


1.68 


3.93 


1 


982 


2.38 


6.64 


2.577 


3.09 


.69 


.831 


1.00 


1.98 


1.407 


1.69 


3.96 


1 


990 


2.39 


6.68 


2.585 


3.10 


.70 


.837 


1.00 


2.00 


1.414 


1.70 


3.99 


1 


997 


2.40 


6.72 


2.592 


3.11 


.71 


.843 


1.01 


2.02 


1.421 


1.71 


4.02 


2 


005 


2.41 


6.76 


2.600 


3.12 


.72 


.849 


1.02 


2.04 


1.428 


1.71 


4.05 


2 


012 


2.41 


6.80 


2.608 


3.13 


.73 


.854 


1.02 


2.06 


1.435 


1.72 


4.08 


2 


020 


2.42 


6.84 


2.615 


3.14 


.74 


.860 


1.03 


2.08 


1.442 


1.73 


4.11 


2 


027 


2.43 


6.88 


2.623 


3.15 


.75 


.866 


1.04 2.10 


1.449 


1.74 


4.14 


2 


035 


2.44 


6.92 


2.631 


3.16 


.76 


.872 


1.05B 2.12 


1.456 


1.75 


4.17 


2 


042 


2.45 


6.96 


2.638 


3.17 


.77 


.877 


1.05 1 2.14 


1.463 


1.76 


4.20 


•2 


049 


2.46 


7.00 


2.646 


3.17 


78 


.883 


1.06 1 2.16 


1.470 


1.76 


4.23 


2 


057 


2.47 


7.04 


2.653 


3.18 


.79 


.889 


1.07 \ 2.18 


1.476 


1.77 


4.26 


2 


064 


2.48 


7.08 


2.661 


3.19 



USED BY PERMISSION OF DRAPER CO. 



TWIST OF ROViNG. 



Hank 
rov- 


Twist 
Square 1.2 X 


Hank 
rov- 


Twist, 
Square 1.2 X 


Hank ' e 
rov. S( * uare 


Twist, 
1.2 X 


Hank 
rov- 


! Twist, 
Square 12 X 


ing. 
7.10 


root. 


sq. 

root. 


ing. 


root. 


sq. 
root. 


ing. 


root. 


sq. 
root. 


ing. 


root. 


sq. 

root. 


2.665 


3.20 


10.62 


3.259 


3.91 


14.84 


3.852 


4.62 


19.76 


4.445 


5.33 


7.15 


2.674 


3.21 


10.68 


3.268 


3.92 


14.91 


3.861 


4.63 


19.84 


4.454 


5.35 


7.20 


2.683 


3.22 


10.74 


3.277 


3.93 


14.98 


3.870 


4.64 


10.02 


4.463 


5.36 


7.25 


2.693 


3.23 


10.80 


3.286 


3.94 


15.05 


3.879 


4.66 


20.00 


4.472 


5.37 


7.30 


2.702 


3.24 


10.86 


3.295 


3.95 


15.12 


3.888 


4.07 


20.08 


4.481 


5.38 


7.35 


2.711 


3.25 


10.92 


3.305 


3.97 


15.19 


3.897 


4.68 


20.16 


4.490 


5.39 


7.40 


2.720 


3.26 


10.98 


3.314 


3.98 


15.26 


3.906 


4.69 


20.24 


4.499 


5.40 


7.45 


2.729 


3.28 


11.04 


3.323 


3.99 


15.33 


3.915 


4.70 


20.32 


4.508 


5.41 


7.50 


2.739 


3.29 


11.10 


3.332 


4.00 


15.40 


3.924 


4.71 


20.40 


4.517 


5.42 


7.55 


2.748 


3.30 


11.16 


3.341 


4.01 


15.47 


3.933 


4.72 


20.48 


4.525 


5.43 


7.60 


2.757 


3.31 


11.22 


3.350 


4.02 


15.54 


3.942 


4.73 


20.56 


4.534 


5.44 


7.65 


2.766 


3.32 


11.28 


3.359 


4.03 


15.61 


3.051 


4.74 


20.64 


4.543 


5.45 


7.70 


2.775 


3.33 


11.34 


3.367 


4.04 


15.68 


3.960 


4.75 


20.72 


4.552 


5.46 


7.75 


2.784 


3.34 


11.40 


3.376 


4.05 


15.75 


3.969 


4.76 


20.80 


4.561 


5.47 


7.80 


2.793 


3.35 


11.46 


3.385 


4.06 


15.82 


3.977 


4.77 


20.88 


4.560 


5.48 


7.85 


2.802 


3.36 


11.52 


3.394 


4.07 


15.89 


3.986 


4.78 


20.96 


4.578 


5.49 


7.90 


2.811 


3.37 


11.58 


3.403 


4.08 


15.96 


3.005 


4.79 


21.04 


4.587 


5.50 


7.95 


2.820 


3.38 


11.64 


3.412 


4.09 


16.03 


4.004 


4.80 


21.12 


4.596 


5.51 


8.00 


2.828 


3.39 


11.70 


3.421 


4.10 


16.10 


4.012 


4.81 


21.20 


4.604 


5.52 


8.05 


2.837 


3.40 


11.76 


3.429 


4.12 


16.17 


4.021 


4.83 


21.2S 


4.613 


5.54 


8.10 


2.846 


3.42 


11.82 


3.438 


4.13 


16.24 


4.030 


4.84 


21.36 


4.622 


5.55 


8.15 


2.855 


O f o 

o--±o 


11.88 


3.447 


4.14 


16.31 


4.039 


4.85 


21.44 


4.630 


5.56 


8.20 


2.864 


3.44 


11.94 


3.455 


4.15 


16.38 


4.047 


4.86 


21.52 


4.639 


5.57 


8.25 


2.872 


3.45 


12.00 


3.464 


4.16 


16.45 


4.056 


4.87 


21.60 


4.648 


5.58 


8.30 


2.881 


3.40 


12.06 


3.473 


4.17 


16.52 


4.064 


4.88 


21.68 


4.656 


5.59 


8.35 


2.890 


3.47 


12.12 3.481 


4.18 


16.59 


4.073 


4.89 


21.76 


4.665 


5.60 


8.40 


2.898 


3.48 


12.18 


3.490 


4.19 


16.66 


4.082 


4.90 


21.84 


4.673 


5.61 


8.45 


2.907 


3-49 


12.24 


3.499 


4.20 


16.73 


4.090 


4.91 


21.92 


4.682 


5.62 


8.50 


2.915 


3.50 


12.30 


3.507 


4.21 


16.80 


4.099 


4.92 


22.00 


4.690 


5.63 


8.55 


2.024 


3.51 


12.36 


3.516 


4.22 


16.87 


4.107 


4.93 


22.08 


4.699 


5.64 


8.60 


2.933 


3-52 


12.42 


3.524 


4.23 


16.94 


4.116 


4.94 


22.16 


4.707 


5.65 


8.65 


2.941 


3-53 


12.48 


3.533 


4.24 


17.01 


4.124 


4.95 


22.24 


4.716 


5.66 


8.70 


2.950 


3.54 


12.54 


3.541 


4.25 


17.08 


4.133 


4.96 


22.32 


4.724 


5.67 


8.75 


2.958 


3-55 


12.60 


3.5.10 


4.26 


17.15 


4.141 


4.97 


22.40 


4.733 5.68 


8.80 


2.966 


3-56 


12.66 


3.558 


4.27 


17.22 


4.150 


4.98 


22.48 


4.741 


5.69 


8.85 


2.975 


3.57 


12.72 


3.567 


4.28 


17.29 


4.158 


4.99 


22.56 


4.750 


5.70 


8.90 


2.983 


3.58 


12.78 


3.575 


4.29 


17.36 


4.167 


5.00 


22.64 


4.758 


5.71 


8.95 


2.992 


3-59 


12.84 


3.583 


4.30 


17.43 


4.175 


5.01 


22.72 


4.767 


5.72 


9.00 


3.000 


3.60 


12.90 


3.592 


4.31 


17.50 


4.183 


5.02 


22.80 


4.775 


5.73 


9.05 


3.008 


3.61 


12.96 


3.600 


4.32 


17.57 


4.192 


5.03 


22.88 


4.783 


5.74 


9.10 


3.017 


3-62 


13.02 


3.608 


4.33 


17.64 


4.200 


5.04 


22.96 


4.792 


5.75 


9.15 


3.025 


3-63 


13.08 


3.617 


4.34 


17.71 


4.208 


5.05 


23.04 


4.800 


5.76 


9.20 


3.033 


3.64 


13.14 


3.625 


4.35 


17.7S 


4.216 


5.06 


23.12 


4.808 


5.77 


9.25 


3.041 


3.65 


13.20 


3.633 


4.36 


17.85 


4.225 


5.07 


23.20 


4.817 


5.78 


9.30 


3.050 


3-66 


13.26 


3.641 


4.37 


17.92 


4.233 


5.08 


23.28 


4.825 


5.79 


9.35 


3.058 


3-67 


13.32 


3.650 


4.38 


17.99 


4.241 


5.09 


23.36 


4.833 


5.80 


9.40 


3.066 


3-68 


13.38 


3.658 


4.39 


18.06 


4.250 


5.10 


23.44 


4.841 


5.81 


9.45 


3.074 


3.69 


13.44 


3.666 


4.40 


18.13 


4.258 


5.11 


23.52 


4.850 


5.82 


9.50 


3.082 


3.70 


13.50 


3.674 


4.41 


18-20 


4.266 


5.12 


23.60 


4.858 


5.83 


9.55 


3.090 


3-71 


13.56 


3.682 


4.42 


18.27 


4.274 


5.13 


23.68 


4.866 


5.84 


9.60 


3.098 


3-72 


13.62 


3.691 


4.43 


18.34 


4.283 


5.14 


23.76 


4.874 


5.85 


9.65 


3.106 


3.73 


13.68 


3.699 


4.44 


18.41 


4.21)1 


5.15 


2:;.S4 


4.883 


5.86 


9.70 


3.114 


3-74 


13.74 


3.707 


4.45 


18.48 


4.299 


5.16 


23.92 


4.801 


5.87 


9.75 


3.122 


3.75 


13.80 


3.715 


4.46 


18.55 


4.307 


5.17 


24.00 


4.899 


5.88 


9.80 


3.130 


3.76 


13.86 


3.723 


4.47 


18.62 


4.315 5.18 


24.08 


4.907 


5.89 


9.85 


3.138 


3-77 


13.92 


3.731 


4.48 


18.60 


4.323 5.10 


24.16 


4.915 


5.90 


9.90 


3.146 


3.78 


13.98 


3.73'.) 


4.49 


18.76 


4.3:u 


5.20 


24.24 


4.923 


5.91 


9.95 


3.154 


3-79 


14.04 


3.747 


4.50 


18.83 


4.339 


5.21 


24.32 


4.932 


5.92 


10.00 


3.162 


3.79 


14.10 


3 . 7 5 5 


4.51 


18.90 


4.347 


5.22 


24.40 


4. 04O 


5.93 


10.05 


3.170 


3.80 


14.16 


3.763 


4.52 


18.07 


4. 3.") 5 


5.23 


24.48 


4.948 i 


5.94 


10.10 


3.178 


3.81 


14.22 


3.771 


4.53 


19.04 


4.363 


5.24 


24.56 


4.956 


5.95 


10.15 


3.186 


3.82 


14.28 


3.779 


4.5:; 


10.11 


4.371 


5.25 


24.64 


4.964 1 


5.96 


10.20 


3.194 


3.83 


14.34 


3.787 


4.54 


19.18 


4.37'." 


5.26 


24.72 


4.972 


5.97 


10.25 


3.202 


3.84 


14.40 


3.795 


4.55 


19.25 


4.387 


5.26 


24.80 


4.980 ; 


5.98 


10.30 


3.209 


3.85 


14.46 


3.803 


4.56 


19.32 


4.395 


5.27 


24.88 


4.988 | 


5.00 


10.35 


3.217 


3.86 


14.52 


3.811 


4.57 


19.39 


4.403 


5.28 


24.96 


4.996 i 


6.00 


10.40 


3.225 


3.87 


14.58 


3.818 


4.58 


19.46 


4.411 


5.29 


25.04 


5.004 


6.00 


10.45 


3.233 


3.88 


14.64 


3.826 


4.59 


19.53 


4.419 


5.30 


25.] 2 


5.012 j 


0.01 


10.50 


3.240 


3.89 


14.70 


3.834 


4.60 


10. CO 


4.427 


5.31 


25.20 


5.020 


6.02 


10.55 


3.248 


3.90 


14.76 


3.842 


4.61 


19.67 


4.435 


5.32 


25.28 


5.028 } 


6.03 



USED BY PERMISSION OF DRAPER CO. 



S2 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

CHAPTER VII. 



Fly Frames — Draft — Roll Settings — Twist — Differential 
or Compound — Winding — Cones — Tension and Lay Gear- 
ing — Take-up or Bottom Cone Gearing — Taper Gearing — 
or Compound — Winding — Cones — Tension and Lay Gear- 
fly FRAMES. 

The object of the fly frames is to reduce the bulky drawing 
sliver to a suitable size and put it into a convenient form to be 
used on the spinning frame, the size of the final roving and the 
number of frames used depending upon the size and quality of 
yarn desired. Double roving is used in the creels for the sake of 
evenness and added strength to the finished yarn. 

The action of the fly frames can be divided into three oper- 
ations, all three occurring at the same time, viz: drawing, twist- 
ing and winding. The drawing and twisting are comparatively 
simple operations, easily understood and necessitating only simple 
mechanisms to obtain the required results, while the correct wind- 
ing of the roving on the -bobbin is more difficult to understand, 
requires more careful watching and adjusting, and calls for far 
more complicated mechanisms. 

The drawing is accomplished by three lines of fluted steel 
rolls, suitably geared, with double bossed leather top rolls, each 
boss carrying one or two rovings. The use of shell rolls on the 
front line and solid rolls on the middle and back is common, while 
some use shell rolls on the front and middle lines of rolls, or on 
all three. The best arrangement would be to use the self-oiling, 
ball-bearing type of shell rolls on all three lines of rolls. This 
gives a good, even smooth drawing of the fibres, lessens the 
chances of the rolls binding, and produces better and smoother 
work with less care and attention. Metallic rolls have been used 
on fly frames with success, but only in a few cases- 

The twisting is accomplished by the revolutions of the flyer. 
The roving leaves the front roll, reaches and passes through the 
nose of the flyer, goes down the hollow arm of the flyer and 
through the eye of the presser foot onto the bobbin. The roving, 
by this means, is practically held by the flyer, the rapid revolving 
of which produces the twist. The twist is introduced in the rov- 
ing between the front roll and the flyer nose, the amount of twist 
depending upon the speed of the ftyer and the delivery of the front 
roll. A faster front roll speed gives a greater delivery of roving 
and causes a corresponding decrease in the amount of twist put 
in the roving. 



FLY FRAMES. 93 

The winding of the roving on the bobbin is caused by the dif- 
ference in the surface speed of the bobbin and the presser foot 
of the flyer. The spindle, which carries the flyer and, conse- 
quently, the flyer itself, is driven at a constant speed, and the speed 
of the bobbin is varied as the bobbin builds, so that, at all stages 
of its growth, the surface speed of the bobbin will be equal to the 
surface speed of the presser foot plus the surface speed of the 
front roll, or its delivery. This necessitates the bobbin to be 
driven in such a manner that its speed can be slightly reduced 
after the winding of each layer of roving; being at its fastest 
speed at the start of a set, when its diameter is smallest, and at 
its slowest speed at the finish of a set, when its diameter is 
largest. This is spoken of as ''bobbin lead," the surface speed 
of the bobbin always being in excess of the surface speed of the 
presser foot, the bobbin thus pulling the roving through the flyer 
and wrapping it onto itself. 

In the case of the "flyer lead" the conditions are reversed. 
The bobbin is carried on the spindle and driven at a constantly in- 
creasing speed, while the flyer is driven separately at a fixed 
speed, the surface speed of the bobbin being always slower than 
the surface speed of the presser foot by the amount of roving 
delivered by the front roll. The presser foot, in this case, wraps 
the roving onto the bobbin, which may be said to be lagging be- 
hind. The gradually increasing speed of the bobbin is necessary 
from the fact that, as the bobbin increases in size, it takes less 
wraps around it to take up the delivery of the front; roll. Conse- 
quently, as the roving is wrapped onto the bobbin by the presser 
foot, the bobbin has to lag behind the flyer a less number of revo- 
lutions. This method of driving the bobbins and flyers brought 
about undesirable conditions which it is not necessary to discuss 
here, but led to the adoption of the bobbin lead type of gearing, 
and all the modern fly frames are built with this feature. 

On the modern fly frames the gradual reduction of the speed 
of the bobbins is accomplished by driving the bobbins by means of 
a differential motion or "compound," the relative speed of the 
parts of the "compound" being controlled by the speed of the 
bottom cone, the speed of the bottom cone being, in turn, con- 
trolled by the position of the cone-belt. 

The up and down traverse motion of the bobbin rail, the 
length of which is automatically decreased after each layer of 
loving is wound, is controlled by the builder, which also serves, 
indirectly, to shift the cone-belt on the cones and to reverse the 
direction of the rail at the same time. The direct cause of the 
above motions is the movement of the tumbling shaft, which is 
held stationary while the builder dog or "flop-over" is in contact 



94 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

with the face of the builder. This "flop-over" is held against the 
face of the builder by the action of a spring and lever acting 
against a "dog" or cam on the bottom of the tumbling shaft. 
When the traverse has reached the point at which the face of 
the builder slides by the "flop-over," this spring and lever move 
the tumbling shaft enough to allow the gap gear, on its upper 
end, to come in contact with the bevel gear on the end of the top 
cone shaft. This gives the tumbling shaft a half revolution, 
which moves the cone-belt, through the tension train of gearing, 
reverses the motion of the rail by moving the reverse gear, and 
shortens the traverse by closing the builder jaws. This closing 
of the builder jaws is done by the movement of the cone-belt 
rack; thus the amount of the shortening of the traverse depends 
upon the movement of the rack, and, as this movement is varied 
as the size of the roving varies, the finer the roving, the less 
movement of belt rack and the less closing of the builder jaws. 

Fig. 33 shows a plan of the general gearing of a 7 inch 
by 3 inch fly frame built by the Woonsocket Machine and Press 
Co., Woonsocket, R. I. Figs. 34 and 35 show the draft and twist 
gearing on the same frame. From these the change gears men- 
tioned below can be easily found, and also their relation to the 
other parts of the frame can be understood. 

There are, on all fly frames, four things to regulate and 
change when making a change in the size of the roving that is 
being run: 

First: The draft. This is governed by the draft gear 
which drives the back roll and is on the stud with the crown gear. 
A smaller gear will drive the back roll slower, feed in less 
material, increase the draft, decrease the weight delivered by the 
front roll and give a larger hank roving. 

Second: The twist. This, is regulated by the twist gear 
which is on the end of the main or "compound" shaft. This gear 
drives the top cone shaft and, from here, the front roll, thus con- 
trolling the speed and also the delivery of the front roll. In fact 
the twist gear controls, directly or indirectly, the speed of every 
part of the frame except the spindles, which are driven from Che 
main shaft direct. A smaller twist gear drives the front roll 
slower, decreases the delivery of the front roll, increases the twist 
in the roving, and would be put on when changing to a finer roving. 

Third: The lay of the roving on the bobbin. This is regu- 
lated by the lay or rail gear which controls the speed of the rail, 
thus producing the correct spacing of the coils of roving on the 
bobbins. This gear is located on the end of the reversing shaft, 
or at some convenient point in the lay train of gearing. Not like 
the first two considered, there is a lack of uniformity in the plac- 



FLY FRAMES. 



95 




90 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 



ing of this gear by the different builders. A smaller gear drives 
the rail slower, decreases the space allowed for each individual 
coil of roving, and would be called for when changing to a finer 
roving. 

Fourth: Tension. This is regulated by the tension or con- 
tact gear which controls the distance the cone-belt is shifted at 
the end of each traverse of the rail. This shifting of the cone- 
belt changes the speed of the bottom cone and the ' 'compound" 
and, consequently, the bobbins. This gear is located somewhere 
in the tension train of gearing between the upright or tumbling 
shaft and the cone-belt rack. A smaller gear causes less move- 
ment to the cone-belt and, consequently, a smaller decrease in 



a 



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r 



R-t 






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&& M/JDOL.& S?OjL/L / "/D/A. 



/ r /9CA'7-/?OZ.i. /S" O/A 



3 



Fig. 34. Draft Gearing on Woonsocket Fly Frames. 



bobbin speed, also an increase in the tension on the roving, and 
would be called for when the roving is running "slack" or when 
changing to a finer roving. 

The four gears above should be changed when any decided 
difference is made in the size of the roving run. A larger gear 
in each case above would have the opposite effect noted. 

There are two other gears that may be considered as change 
gears : 

First : The taper gear. This is a small gear that regulates 
the amount of closing of the builder jaws after the winding of 
each layer of roving on the bobbin, thus shortening the traverse 
of the rail and causing the taper on the ends of the bobbin. This 
should not be changed after the correct taper on the bobbins 
is once obtained. 

Second: The take-up or cone gear. On the Saco-Pettee and 
Lowell frames this gear is spoken of as the take-up gear and is 



FLY FRAMES. 97 

located on the end of the small shaft, driven by the bottom cone, 
which drives the sun- wheel; while on the Howard and Bullough, 
Woonsocket and Providence frames it is spoken of as the cone 
gear and is located on the end of the bottom cone. Under either 
name it serves the same purpose, viz: the regulating of the speed 
of the "differential" or "compound" and, hence, the bobbins, thus, 
together with the starting position of the cone-belt, giving the 
correct tension on the roving at the start of a set, or while the 
first layer of roving is being wound on the bobbins. A smaller 
gear would drive the "compound," also the bobbins, slower, de- 
creasing the tension on the roving. 

After the proper gear is obtained and the correct starting 
point of the cone-belt is determined, both being dependent each 
upon the other, there is no need of changing either, except in 
case of a change in the diameter of the bobbins used. This would 
call for a change in the tension at the start and would necessitate 
a readjustment at one or both of the points mentioned. 

DRAFT ON FLY FRAMES. 

The middle and back rolls are made 1 inch in diameter, while 
the front roll may be 1 1/16, 1%, 1 3/16, or IVi inches in 
diameter. The more common sizes are 1% inch front roll on 
slubbers and the large size intermediates, and 1% inch front roll 
on the small size intermediates, fine and jack frames. 

As the weight of the roving decreases, the draft of the rolls 
increases and, also, the speed of the machine. Good average 
drafts for the different fly frames are as follows: Slubbers, 4; 
intermediate, 5; fine frame, 6; and jack frame, 7. 

The use of the larger drafts on the smaller frames is per- 
missible from the fact that the rolls have a smaller amount of 
material to deal with. Consequently there is less work on the rolls 
and less chance for slippage and poor drawing. 

The custom is to use very little draft between the middle 
and back rolls, throwing most of the draft between the front and 
middle rolls. The rolls of all fly frames are geared at the head 
end of the machine, the arrangement being similar to the one 
illustrated in Fig. 34, though on extra long frames double gearing- 
is resorted to; that is, the rolls are geared at both ends- This 
arrangement overcomes the strain put on the rolls while running, 
and will have a tendency to cause both ends of the rolls to start 
at the same time, producing a smooth, even movement to the 
rolls. It necessitates the changing of draft gears at both ends of 
the frame, however. 



98 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

The draft between the middle and back rolls is found as 
follows : 

1X25 
= 1.087 draft. 



23X1 

The draft constant is found from the following figures : 

9X100X56 

— • =180 draft constant. 



35X X X8 

Constant -f- Gear = Draft. 
Constant -=- Draft = Gear. 

The draft gearing varies with the different makes of frames 
and with frames of the same make and different sizes, but all 
are arranged similarly to the one illustrated. 

The following rules for changing the draft gear without the 
use of the constant will be found useful. The draft and hank rov- 
ing vary inversely, and the weight varies directly with the size of 
the gear. The larger the draft gear, the smaller the draft, the 
smaller the hank roving and the heavier the weight of the ma- 
terial delivered. 

In changing the gear from the draft use the following rule: 

Gear on the frame X draft on the frame -h draft desired = 
draft gear needed- 

Example : If a frame is using a 30 tooth draft gear and has 
a draft of 6, what size draft will be needed to give a draft of 5? 

30X6 

= 36 draft gear needed. 

5 

By substituting hank roving in the above rule in the place of 
draft, we can change the draft gear for variations in the size of 
the hank roving. 

Example : A frame is running a 6.25 H. R. with a 30 tooth 
draft gear. What size gear would be needed to give a 5.5 H. R. ? 

30X6.25 
= 34 draft gear needed. 

5 5 

In changing the draft gear by the weight of the material 
being delivered, the following rule holds good: 

Draft gear on the frame x weight desired -f- iveight on the 
frame X draft gear needed. 

Example: A frame running with a 30 tooth draft gear is 
delivering a roving that weighs 17 grains to 12 yards, what size 



FLY FRAMES. 99 

draft gear will be needed to give a weight of 20 grains to 12 
yards? 

30X20 

= 35.3 or 35 tooth draft gear needed. 

17 

In setting the rolls on a fly frame, no fixed inflexible rule can 
be given, as the distance between the rolls depends upon the 
staple, the feel of the fibres, the bulk of material being handled, 
the draft and the speed of the rolls. Usually the higher the 
speed the larger the draft and the finer the roving, and the closer 
the rolls can be set. A rule found very good on slubbers and inter- 
mediates is : 

Distance betiveen front and middle rolls, y^-inch greater 
tjian the length of the staple being run. 

Distance between middle and back rolls, y^-inch to %-inch 
greater than the length of the staple being run. 

This distance to be measured from center to center of rolls. 
On the fine frames and in making very fine roving, closer settings 
than the above can be used and give better work. However, the 
true test of the correctness of the setting of the rolls is the ap- 
pearance of the roving as it leaves the front roll. 

In this connection it is good to remember that the best re- 
sults cannot be obtained unless the steel rolls are kept well lubri- 
cated at all times. One of the most satisfactory lubricants for 
this purpose is "Non-Fluid Oil", as it lasts for quite a while, is 
easily applied and will give excellent results. The same can be 
said in regard to its use in the bearings of drawing, spinning and 
twister rolls. These oils are manufactured by the New York 
and New Jersey Lubricant Company of New York. 

TWIST ON FLY FRAMES. 

Each revolution of the spindle or flyer puts in one turn of 
twist, and the amount of twist in the roving depends upon the 
ratio of the spindle speed and the delivery of the front roll. If 
the flyer made 10 revolutions while the front roll was delivering 
5 inches of roving, each inch of roving would contain 2 turns 
or twists and the twist in the roving would be spoken of as two 
turns. The twist in roving is always spoken of as so many turns 
per inch. 

Now, if we work out the speed of the spindles and the de- 
livery of the front roll in inches, dividing the spindle speed by the 
delivery of the front roll, we find the twist, or turns per inch, 
in the roving. Referring to Fig. 35 and assuming a speed of 400 
R. P. M. of main shaft, we get the following as the speed of the 
spindles : 



100 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 



^O/VT SZO/-/- /if O. 



Y 



*=& 







Fig. 35, Twist Gearing on Woonsocket Fly Frames. 



400X45X53 
30X21 



1128.5 R. P. M. 



Assuming same speed to main shaft and using a 24 tootk 
gear, the following will give the front roll speed : 

400X24X75 

■= 117.18 R. P. M. 

48X128 

The front roll is 1% inches' in diameter or 3.534 inches in 
circumference. Hence it will deliver 414.11 inches of roving per 
minute. (117.18 x 3.534 = 414.11). By dividing the R. P. M. of 
the spindles by this front roll delivery, we get the twist as fol- 
lows: 

1228.5 -f- 414.11 = 2.966 twist per inch. 

From this it will be clearly seen that the twist in the roving 
depends upon the ratio between the spindle speed and the delivery 
of the front roll, and any change in this ratio will make a corre- 
sponding change in the twist. 

The usual method of figuring the twist constant, or the twist, 
is from the gearing direct. 

Start with the circumference of the front roll under the line, 
put the gear on the end of the front roll over the line, the next 
gear under, the next over, and continue alternating the gears till 



FLY FRAMES. 101 

we get to the bevel on the bottom of the spindle, which will come 
under the line. Divide the product of the numbers above the line 
by the product of the numbers under the line. The answer is 
the twist. 

The reason for this will be seen from the fact that, if we 
start with one revolution of the front roll and work out the 
spindle speed, we will get the revolutions of the spindle for each 
revolution of the front roll, or the number of turns of twist that 
is put in the amount of roving delivered by the one revolution 
of the front roll. As we want the twist per inch and not the twist 
per revolution of front roll, we must divide this by the delivery 
©f the roll for one revolution, which is, of course, its circumfer- 
ence. In this case, the circumference of the roll is 3.534 inches, 
and if we start with this figure under the line, we get the same 
result as would be gotten by the method mentioned above. 

Referring to Fig. 35, using a 24 tooth twist gear and starting 
with the circmference of the front roll under the line, we get 
the twist, as follows: 

128X48X45X43 

= 2.966 twist. 

3.534X75X24X30X21 

By using the same figures, leaving out the 24 tooth twist 
gear, we get the twist constant: 

128X48X45X43 
= 71.19 twist constant. 



3.534X75X X X30X21 

Ttvist constant -f- twist per' inch = twist gear. 

71.19 h- 24 = 2.996 twist per inch. 
71.19 ~ 2.996 = 24 twist gear. 

In changing the twist gear without the use of the twist 
constant, the following rule holds good, remembering that the 
twist and the hank roving vary inversely as the size of the twist 
fear; for a larger twist gear gives less twist and is used for a 
smaller hank roving. 

Twist gear on frame x twist on frame -=- twist desired. = 
gear needed. 

Example : A frame has on a 30 tooth twist gear and is put- 
ting in 2.5 turns of twist. What size twist gear is needed to give 
3 turns of twist? 

30X2.5 

= 25 twist gear needed. 

3 

In changing the size of the twist gear from the hank roving, 



102 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

the above rule applies by substituting the square root of the hank 
roving in place of the twist. 

Example: A frame is running a 6 H. R. with a 24 tooth 
twist gear. What size gear would be needed if the roving was 
changed to 6.5 H. R.? 

24 X V6 24X2.45 

= = 23 twist gear. 

V6:5 2.55 

As the basis of the twist in the roving is the square root of 
its hank, and, as the twist always varies in accordance with this 
basis, any change in the size of the twist gear must be made on 
the same basis, otherwise we are in error. This is why, in work- 
ing the above example, the square root of the hank roving was 
used instead of the hank roving itself. 

There can be no inflexible rule given to determine the correct 
amount of twist required for different rovings. There are several 
conditions that will cause a variation in the amount of twist that 
would be desirable to run : the length of the staple, the harshness 
or softness of the fibers and the number of previous drawing 
operations that the cotton has been subjected to. 

The usual rule for twist in roving is : V H. R. x 1.2 =twist 
per inch. 

This is the rule universally used for Uplands cotton, and 
meets the requirements in the majority of cases, though, at times, 
less twist can be used to advantage ; and, again, some cases will 
require the use of more twist. In running longer stapled cotton, 
the amount of twist can and has to be decreased, and the amount 
of this decrease grows more as the length of the staple increases. 
For medium staple, between 1 inch and 1*4 inches, the following 
rule will give good results: 

Twist in slubber roving = V H- R. 

Twist in intermediate roving = VH. R. X 1.1. 

Twist on fine and jack frames = VH. R. x 1.2. 

For cottons of longer staple than the above it is possible to use 
even less twist. The sole object of introducing twist in the roving 
is simply to give strength enough to hold it together while being 
put on the bobbin and being pulled off in the creel of the frame 
following. Any more than this amount is not only unnecessary, 
nut it causes a corresponding decrease in the production of the 
frame, throws more work on the rolls of the following frame, and 
may cause bad drawing. 

DIFFERENTIAL MOTION OR COMPOUND. 

The purpose of the differential motion or compound is to give 
a suitable means for the correct driving of the bobbins. The bob- 



FLY FRAMES. 



103 



bins must revolve as fast as the spindles and enough in excess of 
this speed to wind on the amount of roving delivered by the front 
roll. As the bobbins increase in size, the number of revolutions 
necessary to wind on the roving decreases, and consequently the 
bobbins must decrease in speed. This decrease in bobbin speed is 
obtained by automatically changing the position of the cone-belt 
on the cones by means of the tension gearing, giving .a varying 
speed to the bottom cone. The compound receives this variable 
speed from the bottom cone, combines it with the constant speed 
of the main shaft, and delivers it as one motion to the sleeve gear. 
The speed of the bobbins, due to the motion of the main shaft, con- 
sidering the bottom cone as being stationary, is equal to the speed 
of the spindles, and consequently no winding would take place. 
When the bottom cone is in motion, the speed of the bobbins is 



SUA/ \A/HE£'L. 
WO 




/3 



Fig. 36. The Bevel Gear Differential Motion or Compound. 



greater than the speed of the spindles, and the roving is being 
wound on the bobbins. This additional speed of the bobbins, 
spoken of as the excess speed of the bobbins, is due to the bottom 
cone speed and is necessary to produce the winding. The changing 
of the position of the cone belt changes the bottom cone speed and 
the speed of the compound, thus changing the speed of the bobbins. 
The majority of American machine builders have adopted 
one type of compound, the old style bevel gear compound, a cut of 
which is shown in Fig. 36. Keyed on the main shaft, which car- 
ries the twist gear and the gear driving the spindles, is a bevel A 
which drives, by means of two idler gears C and D, another bevel 
gear B, this latter gear forming part of the loose or "sleeve" gear, 



104 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

also called the bobbin gear. This sleeve consists of the bevel gear 
E and the spur gear of 50 teeth, which drives direct to the bobbins, 
the two being joined together by a collar or sleeve, the sleeve gear 
having no connection whatever with the main shaft, being carried 
on a fixed collar and revolving independently of the main shaft. 
The two idlers, C and D, serve simply to transmit motion from A 
to B, their axes being spokes of the sun-wheel S, and when S is 
revolved around the shaft, C and D will revolve about the shaft 
with S. The sun-wheel revolves independently of the main shaft 
or the fixed collar, being driven from the bottom cone at a var- 
iable speed. 

It will be seen that the final speed of the sleeve gear B is a 
combination of the fixed speed of the gear A and the variable 
speed of the gear S, the. speed S being the one that gives the 
excess speed to the bobbins and, also, the one that is varied to give 
the decreasing speed that is demanded by the increasing size of 
the bobbins while the winding is taking place. 

Without going into the theory underlying the construction of 
the compound, we can explain its action by following each motion 
in detail. If we revolve A one revolution, the carriers C and D 
will transmit this direct to B and B will have one revolution, the 
gears A, C, D and B having the same number of teeth. The di- 
rection of the revolution of B will be opposite to that of A. By 
using the signs + and — to denote the direction of revolution, we 
will get the follow;' 1 ^ statement of the facts, it being understood 
that S is being held stationary. 

Al + =B1 — 

If we consider A as stationary and revolve S one revolu- 
tion we will get two revolutions to the bevel B. The direction of 
the revolutions of B will be the same as that of S. While S re- 
volves, the idlers C and D are being carried around the shaft by 
S and, as they are in gear with B, B will, of necessity, be carried 
around the shaft in the same direction as S and will have one revo- 
lution for one of S. We can refer to this revolution as due to the 
revolving of C and D around the shaft. 

While S is making one revolution and carrying the gears C 
and D around the shaft with it, C and D, being in contact with 
the fixed .gear A, will have to roll around the face of A. Having 
the same number of teeth, this will cause C and D to revolve on 
their own axis and will give them one such revolution for every 
revolution of S. This will cause B to have one revolution and it 
will be in the same direction as the gear S. We can refer to this 
revolution as due to the revolving of C and D on their own cen- 
ters, due to their contact with the gear A, while being carried 



FLY FRAMES. 105 

around the shaft by S. Then the following statement will be in 
accordance with the above facts: 

SI + = B2 + 

As it is the desire to revolve the sleeve gear B faster than the 
fixed bevel A and, as the revolving of S in the same direction as 
A would have the effect of reducing the speed of B, it will be seen 
that the sun-wheel must revolve in the opposite direction to the 
main shaft or bevel A.' As A revolves in ( + ) direction we must 
revolve S in the opposite or ( — ) direction and the conditions will 
be as follows : 

S1^- = B2 — 

Now take the two equations for A and S and combine them 
"and we will get the graphic statement of the facts : 

Al + = Bl — 
SI — = B2 — 



(Al +) + (SI—) = B3 — 

With the sun-wheel and main shaft revolving in opposite di- 
rections the speed of B is greater than A and is reduced as the 
speed of S is reduced. If the sun-wheel and main shaft revolve 
in the same direction the speed of B would be less than the speed 
of A and would be increased as the speed of the sun-wheel is de- 
creased. This last condition is found in the old style flyer lead 
frames. 

The above can be summed up in the following words : 

The speed of the sleeve gear is equal to the speed of the main 
shaft plus twice the speed of the sun-wheel. 

The speed of the sun-wheel is greatest at the start of a set 
and is decreased as the bobbin builds, due to the decrease in bottom 
cone speed which occurs as the cone belt is moved on the cones. 

In Fig. 37 is shown a cut of the Daly differential motion used 
on the Woonsocket 7 by 3 inch fly frame. This motion employs 
spur gears and all parts revolve in the same direction, the whole 
being enclosed so as not to be constantly accumulating dust and 

fly. 

On the main shaft is an internal gear A of 80 teeth, driving 
a small gear of 15 teeth which is compounded with a gear of 39 
teeth, both being carried on a stud which is fixed into the plate 
gear D. This plate gear also carries a bevel of 57 teeth which 
drives direct to the bobbins. The 39 tooth gear is in gear with 
the 24 tooth gear C which is on a sleeve, the other end carrying 
a gear of 30 teeth, this lattt r being driven from the bottom cone. 



106 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 



The gears 24 and 30 are compounded together by the sleeve con- 
necting the two, the whole being called the sleeve gear and re- 
volves on, and in the same direction with, the main shaft. The 



GO 



j gzgzzzzz a 




(ZZZZZSZ 



Fig. 37. Daly Differential. 



bobbin or plate gear D revolves on the collar of the sleeve gear and 
in the same direction as the main shaft. 

As in the former case, there are two motions which are com- 
bined into one; 

First: The fixed constant speed of the main shaft gear A. 

Second: The variable speed of the sleeve gear C, which 
comes from the bottom cone and gives to and regulates the ex- 
cess speed of the bobbins. 

If we consider the effect of these two motions separately on 
the gear D, we will be able to understand the operation of the com- 



FLY FRAMES. 107 

pound. While A is moving and C is held still, A carries the com- 
pound gear 15 and 39 around with it, because it cannot revolve on 
its own axis, due to the fact that the 24 and 39 tooth gears are in 
contact and the 24 tooth gear is stationary. While the compound 
gear of 15 and 39 teeth is being carried around the shaft by the 
movement of the gear A, the 39 tooth gear is meshing with the 24 
tooth gear, which will cause the 15 and 39 tooth gear to revolve 
on its own axis. This action will cause a lagging behind of the 
gear D or a slipping ahead of the gear A. Now, if A is given one 
complete revolution, it will be seen that the gear D will not revolve 
a full revolution, due to the compound gear 15 and 39 revolving on 
its own axis caused by the 39 tooth gear rolling around the face 
of the stationary gear of 24 teeth and, to revolve A far enough to 
cause a complete revolution to D, the 39 tooth gear will revolve en- 
tirely around the 24 tooth gear and make 24/39 of a revolution on 
its own axis, hence the 15 tooth gear compounded with the 39 tooth 
gear will make the same fraction of a revolution. This will cause 
the gear A to advance ahead of the gear D by the following frac- 
tion : 

24 15 

— X— = .115. 

39 80 

Then, when A makes 1.115 revolutions, D will make 1 revolu- 
tion and while A is making 1 revolution D will make .896 of a revo- 
lution. Now, if we express the speed of D, due to the speed of A, 
in terms of A, we get the following: 

D = A X .896. 

Now take the second condition and suppose A is still and re- 
volve C. When C is revolved the gear of 24 teeth gives motion to 
the 39 and the 15 tooth compound gear and causes it to revolve on 
its own axis. This will cause the 15 tooth gear to be moved 
around the internal gear A of 80 teeth and give the gear D a part 
of a revolution for every revolution of C, expressed by the value 
of the train of gearing : 

24X15 

= .115. 

39X80 

Then the speed of D, due to the speed of C and expressed in 
terms of C, will be as follows : 

, D = CX .115. 

Now combining the two speeds of D, due to the speeds of A 
and C, in terms of both A and C, we have : 
The speed of D = (A X .896^ + (C X .115). 



108 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

The value of the train of gearing between the main shaft and 
the spindles and between the gear D and the bobbins, is such as to 
give the same speed to the spindles and bobbins when C is station- 
ary, then it will be seen that when C revolves, the bobbins have 
a speed faster than the spindles and are winding on the roving and 
that, when the speed of C is reduced the speed of the bobbins is 
reduced. 

WINDING. 

The winding of the roving on the bobbin is accomplished by 
the excess speed of the bobbin which is gotten from the bottom 
cone by means of the compound. The speed of the bottom cone is 
regulated by the position of the cone belt which is automatically 
changed by the tension gearing at the end of each layer wound. 
Consider the bobbin to be 1 inch in diameter when empty and 4 
inches when full, then the bobbin will increase in uniform amounts 
from 1 inch to 4 inches, a total increase in diameter of 3 inches 
which, supposing the cones to be 30 inches long, is an increase in 
diameter of 1/10 inch for every inch of belt traverse, or % mc ^ 
increase for a belt traverse of 5 inches, or 1/6 the total length of 
the cones. 

The above, although true, is misleading, as the statement is 
often made, based on the above facts, that the speed of the bottom 
cone, and hence of the bobbins, decreases in regular amounts for 
each layer wound from start to finish of a set. It is true that the 
increase in bobbin diameter is in regular amounts for each layer 
wound, or each movement of the cone belt, but the proportional in- 
crease in bobbin diameter is not regular, being larger at the begin- 
ning than at the end of a set, hence, the variation in speed of bot- 
tom cone and bobbin is not regular, but decreases as the bobbin 
builds by a lesser amount for each layer wound. This will be seen 
when we consider that, at the start of a set, we are winding the 
roving on a bobbin that is only 1 inch in diameter, while, at the 
end of a set the diameter of the bobbin is 4 inches, hence, the rela- 
tive increase in bobbin diameter, by the addition of one layer of 
roving, must be greater when, the bobbin is small than when it is' 
large. 

When the bobbin has become 2 inches in diameter, it has 
wound on a thickness of roving of 1 inch, which is one-third the 
total increase in the bobbin diameter, so the belt must have travel- 
ed one-third the length of the cones. Now, the bobbin at this point 
is one-half its full diameter, so its excess speed and, also, the 
speed of the bottom cone, must have decreased by one-half, as it 
now takes only one-half the number of revolutions of the bobbin 
to wind on the delivery of the front roll. The diameter of the bot- 



FLY FRAMES. 



109 



torn cone at this point will be the same as that of the top cone. 

The following facts are true and demonstrable: 

First: Straight faced cones will not give the proper results 
when applied to fly frames. 

Second : The speed of the bottom cone and bobbin vloes not de- 
crease in regular amounts for every layer wound on the bobbin, 
but must decrease in inverse ratio to the proportional increase of 
bobbin diameter. 

Third : At all opposite points of a correct pair of cones the 
sum of the top and bottom cone diameters will be equal, the cones 
will give a variable decrease in the speed of the bobbin, this de- 




Fig. 38. Spindle and Bobbin Gearing. 

Fly Frame. 



Lowell 7 by 3i/> Inch 



crease being larger at the start of a set than at the end and the 
outline of the cones will be concave and convex curves, equal diam- 
eters coming at one-third the length of the cones, measured from 
the large end of the top cone. The top cone is concave and the 
bottom cone convex, the greatest curve in their outlines coming at 
the large end of the top and the small end of the bottom cone. 

As the total speed of the bobbin is governed by the delivery 
of the front roll, the size of the bobbin and the speed of the spindle, 
the required speeds of bobbin and bottom cone can be figured and 
the correct diameters determined at any point in the build of a 
bobbin. 



110 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

Fig. 38 is a diagram of the spindle and bobbin gearing . of a 
fine fly frame built by the Lowell Machine Shop. This frame is 5*4 
inches space and 7 inches traverse and builds a bobbin 7 by 3% 
inches, the diameter of the empty bobbin being 1% inches. Main 
shaft speed at 400 R. P. M. and using a 30 tooth twist gear, gives 
a top cone speed of 200 R. P. M. The front roll speed is : 

400X30X97 

= 118.29 R. P. M. 

60X164 

The front roll is 1% inches in diameter, and will deliver 
418.04 inches of roving per minute. The spindle speed is : 

400X60X46 

-=1254.54 R. P. M. 

40X22 ■ . 

As we start with an empty bobbin diameter of s. inch, it will 
wind on 3.1416 inches of roving for every revolution that it makes, 
hence, the speed of the empty bobbin to wind on the delivery of 
the front roll is as follows : 

418.04-^-3.1416 = 133.065 R. P. M. 

This allows for no increase in bobbin speed to provide for 
the proper tension on the roving and should be increased about 
1.67 per cent, which gives 135.27 R. P. M. of bobbin to wind on 
the delivery of the front roll. This is the excess speed of the bob- 
bin and must be added to the speed of the spindle to give the total 
speed of the bobbin, as follows: 

1,254 + 135.27 = 1389.81 R. P. M. of bobbin. 

Take this figured speed of the bobbin as a starting point, the 
following figures will give the speed of the sleeve gear : 

1389.81X22X42 

= 443.12 R. P. M. 

46X63 

The speed of the sun-wheel equals one-half the difference be- 
tween the speeds of the main shaft and sleeve gear, so : 

(443.12 — 400) 

= 21.56 R. P. M. of sun-wheel. 

2 

The speed of the bottom cone at the start is found from the 
sleeve gear speed, as follows: 

21.56X150X68 

= 399.8 R. P. M. or practically 400 R. P. M. 

25X22 

By taking the bobbin at any diameter during its build and fol- 



FLY FRAMES. Ill 

lowing the above method of figuring, we can determine the bobbin 
and bottom cone speeds. 

Although the frame builds a bobbin only 3V2 inches in diam- 
eter when full, starting with an empty bobbin diameter of 1% 
inches, it is necessary to make the calculations for a bobbin smaller 
at the start and larger at the finish than is actually used, as it is 
impossible to run the cone belt on the extreme end diameters, as 
would be required if we made the calculation with the same sizes 
to empty and full bobbin that is actually run on the frame and, 
also, to have ample room at the ends of the cones. This enables 
the starting and finishing points of the cone belt to be changed to 
suit varying conditions. 

The following table gives the required speeds of the bobbin 
and bottom cone and the diameter of the bobbin at the start of a 
set and after each belt movement of 5 inches : 

Speed of bottom cone. Speed of Bobbin. Diam. of Bobbin. 



Start, 


400 


1389.81 


1 inch. 


1st point, 


266.66 


1344.77 


lVo inches. 


2nd point, 


200 


1322.14 


2 inches. 


3rd point, 


160 


1308.68 


2V2 inches. 


4th point, 


133.33 


1299.56 


3 inches. 


5th point, 


114.33 


1293.22 


31/9 inches. 


6th point, 


100 


1288.34 


4 inches. 



These figures were obtained from calculations based on the 
actual delivery of the front roll, spindle speed and the diameter of 
the bobbin, allowing for tension during the winding of the roving. 
This last is a variable quantity and there are other factors to be 
taken into consideration, still the above speeds are accurate 
enough for all practical purposes and are very close to those that 
would be found, under the same conditions, in the running of the 
frame. 

If we now figure a pair of cones, based on the speeds in the 
above table, we will get the results shown in Fig. 39. This shows 
a pair of cones, with the cone diameters, bottom cone and bobbin 
speeds for every belt movement of 5 inches. 

The speed of the bottom cone varies in inverse ratio to the 
proportional increase in bobbin diameter, then, the following rule 
for figuring bottom cone speed is correct. 

The speed of the bottom cone at start x diameter of empty 
bobbin -~ the diameter of the bobbin at any point = the speed of 
the bottom cone at that point. 

From this we find that the bottom cone at the first point, or 



112 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 



at the end of a traverse of 5 inches, will have a speed of 266.66 
R. P. M. as follows: 



400X1 



= 266.66 



1.5 



The same method of calculation was used to get the bottom 
cone speeds at the remaining points and, in every case, it will be 




4-00 



/A^or 



/OO 



BOTTOM COA/S SB^^DS 

^ 66.ee <?oo /eo /33:3'3' 

SOBS//V st>£:£:os 
Z3-&3.&/ /3^-^Vy /33=y^ /308.68 /E>33.56 /^>-33^8 /<?88.3-<4- 
BOBB//V D/AM£Te/?S. 



/ 



/^ 



3" 



Fig. 39. A Pair of Cones Figured on the Basis of the Table 

of Speeds Given. 



noted that these speeds will coincide with those shown in the table. 
With the speeds of bottom and top cones known, the diameters 
of the two cones were found by the following rules : 

Sum of cone diameters X bottom cone speed at any point 
sum of cone speeds at that point = the top cone diameter. 

The sum of the cone diameters — top cone diameter = the 
bottom cone diameter. 

Then, taking the figures for the first point, the sum of the cone 
diameters being 8.625, we will get the following as the cone diam- 
eters at this point: 

8.625X266.66 

= 4.928 

200 + 266.66 

8.625 — 4.928 = 3.697 

Then the top cone diameter will be 4.928 inches and the bot- 
tom cone diameter will be 3.697 inches. The diameter of the two 
cones at the other points were figured by the same method. 



PLY FRAMES. 113 

It will be noticed that at the second point, or when the belt 
has moved 10 inches or 1-3 of the length of the cones, the bobbin 
has increased 1 inch in diameter of 1-3 its total increase and is 
i/2 its full diameter, the speed of the bottom cone is V2 its speed at 
the start, and the diameters of the two cones are equal. This fact 
proves that straight faced cones cannot be used as their equal 
diameters come at the middle of the cones. It will be also noticed 
that the diminution in the speed of the bobbin is greatest during 
the first movement of the belt, this decrease growing smaller as 
the end of the set is reached by a varying amount. This is the 
actual condition, for the proportional increase in bobbin diameter 
is greatest at the start of a set, when the bobbin is small, although 
the actual increase in bobbin diameter is practically the same for 
each layer wound. 

It will be noticed that the results obtained from this pair of 
developed cones are similar to those as figured from the front roll 
delivery, hence, the cone outlines must be correct- For compari- 
son, select the figures for the second point and start with the main 
shaft speed and figure the total speed of the bobbin and compare 
with the required speed as given in the table or with the speed as 
shown in Fig. 39. The speed of sun-wheel is : 

400X30X4.31X22X68X25 

= 10.78 R. P. M. 

60X4.31X68X68X150 

The speed of the sleeve gear is 400 + (2 X 10.78) =421.56 
R. P. M. Then the speed of the bobbin is obtained as follows : 

421.56X63X46 

= 1322.16 R. P. M. 

42X22 

This speed is practically the same as obtained by our former 
figures, and using the above method, and figuring the bobbin speed 
at any point, will give results that will be practically the same as 
those found before. This shows that the cone diameters given in 
Fig. 39 must be correct and their method of development meets 
the requirements in the case. 

TENSION GEARING. 

We have already found that the shape of the cones was such 
that, for each layer wound on the bobbin, the cone belt is moved 
an equal distance along the face of the cone, giving the correct de- 
crease in bobbin speed and a uniform tension from start to finish 
of a set- The amount of this traverse would naturally be the length 
of the cone used, from start to finish of the set, divided by the 
number of layers put on the full bobbin. No rule can be given to 



114 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

determine the proper tension gear for different sizes of roving 
that will work under all conditions, as the tension depends largely 
upon the amount of twist in the roving and the lay of the roving 
on the bobbin. A change of atmospheric conditions will affect 
the tension, for roving that will run all right on a damp day may 
be too tight on a clear, dry day, necessitating a change of one or 
two teeth in the size of the tension gear- 

The amount of twist in the roving also influences the tension 
to a certain extent, for, if the roving is hard twisted, its diameter 
is smaller and consequently, the bobbin increases slower in diam- 
eter, necessitating a slower decrease in speed. 

The size of the rail or lay gear, governing the speed at which 
the rail is traversed, thus determining the closeness of the coils in 
each layer, also has a tendency to affect the tension. If the lay 
gear is too* large, the rail speed will be too fast and the coils -would 
be more open, allowing the next layer of roving to draw down be- 
tween the coils, therefore, the diameter of the bobbin would not 
increase as rapidly with each layer wound. This would require a 
slower decrease in bobbin speed and call for the use of a smaller 
tension gear than we would naturally expect. 

From the above facts, the conditions governing the tension 
on the roving are seen to be of such a variable nature that the final 
judge of the correctness of the tension on the roving must be its 
appearance as the frame runs, and the tension gear must be chang- 
ed to suit the conditions regardless of how far from its calculated 
size we may have to vary. 

Fig. 40 shows the plan of gearing on a 12 x 6 inch Saco-Pettee 
slubber. The upright, or tumbling shaft, carries a double thread- 
ed worm, driving into a 32 tooth worm gear. On the stud with 
this worm gear is a 60 tooth gear driving into a 50 tooth gear. On 
the stud with this gear is the tension gear, gearing direct into the 
cone rack. After the winding of each layer on the bobbin the 
tumbling shaft is revolved V2 a revolution by the gear on the end 
of the top cone shaft. This causes th£ worm gear to move one 
tooth, thus moving the belt a certain distance on the cones, this 
distance depending upon the size of the tension gear. 

If we assume the main shaft speed as 250 R. P. M., with a 
56 tooth twist gear on and the frame to be running .64 H. R., then 
the top cone speed will be : 

250X56 

— = 304.35 R. P. M. 

46 

The belt starts on the top cone 2.75 inches from the end. The 
diameter of the top cone at this point is 6.75 inches and the corre- 
sponding diameter of the bottom cone is 3.75 inches, giving a ratio 



FLY FRAMES. 115 

between the two of 1.8. Then the bottom cone speed at the start is : 

304.35 X 1.8 = 547.83 R. P. M. 

When the bobbin is full its diameter is 6 inches and the belt 
has moved its full traverse on the cones. The diameter of the 
empty bobbin is 1% or 1.875 inches, hence, the bottom cone speed 
at this point will be : 

547.83X1.875 

= 171.19 R. P. M. 

6 

Knowing the top and bottom cone speed, we can find the top 
cone diameter by the following: 

10.5X171.19 

= 3.77 inches for the top cone diameter when the bobbin 

304.35 + 171.19 [is 6 inches in diameter or full. 

As the point on the top cone where the diameter is 3.77 inches 
is 28.5 inches from the point where the belt starts, then the belt 
and belt rack must move 28.5 inches while building a full bobbin. 
There are 32 teeth in 10 inches of rack or 3.2 teeth in every inch. 
Therefore, the rack must move: 28.5 x 3.2 = 91.2 teeth in order 
to move the belt 28.5 inches. 

There are eight coils per inch on the bobbin ( V.64 x 100 = 8) 
and, as the layers per inch are four times the coils per inch, there 
will be 32 layers per inch on the bobbin. The diameter of the 
empty bobbin is 1% inches, and the diameter of the full bobbin 6 
inches, therefore, there is 4Vs inches of roving put on the bobbin, 
or 2 1/16 inches on each side, to build it out to 6 inches in diam- 
eter. Then : 2 1/16 x 32 = 66 layers of roving wound on the bob- 
bin, which calls for 66 reversions of the rail and 66 movements of 
the cone belt rack. 

The tumbling shaft makes V2 a revolution for every rever- 
sion of the rail, or for every movement of the belt rack, then 33 
revolutions of tumbling shaft will be required for the 66 rever- 
sions of the rail. Therefore, to wind on the 66 layers of roving, 
or to move the belt rack the 28.5 inches necessary, it will require 
2.47 revolutions of the stud carrying the tension gear, as follows : 

33X2X60 

= 2.47. 

32X50 

As there is a total of 91.2 teeth used in the rack in traversing 
the belt the necessary 28.5 inches, there will be required 37 
teeth in the tension gear, as follows: 91.2 -:- 2.47 = 36.9 or 37 
teeth. Then: V.64 X 37 = 29.6 tension constant. 

Rule for using tension constant: 

Constant -4- V HR = tension gear. 



116 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS, 




Fig. 40. Saco-Pettee 12 x 6 Slubber. 



FLY FRAMES. 



117 



LAY GEARING. 

Referring again to Fig. 40, the bottom cone drives the take- 
up shaft, which, through a train of bevel and spur gears, drives 
the lay shaft carrying the lay gear. This gear is also called the 
traverse or rail gear. The lay gear, by a train of spur gears, 
drives the lifting shaft. On the lifting shaft is a 12 tooth pinion 
in gear with the lifting arm or segment that raises and lowers 
the rail. 

As we found before, the bottom cone has a speed at the start 
of 547.83 R. P. M., then the speed of the take-up shaft will be: 

547.83X16 

= 182.61 R. P .M. 

48 

By following the train of gears between the take-up shaft 
and the lay shaft, we get the speed of the lay shaft to be : 

182.61X18X20X30 

=23.48 R. P. M. 

40X70X30 

The above is the calculated speed of the lay shaft that would 
be present under the above conditions. The correct lay of the rov- 
ing on the bobbin is based on the square root of the roving and, 
under ordinary conditions, will not be far from the results obtain- 
ed from the following rule : 

Coils per inch = square root of the H. R. X 100. 

As we have assumed, in the calculation for the tension s-ear, 
that the frame is running on .64 H. R., the coils r>er inch will be : 
V.64 X 100 = 8, that is, 8 strands of .64 H. R. will lie in one inch 
of bobbin length. 

The bobbin, when emnty, is 1.875 inches in diameter, or 5.89 
inches in circumference, then every coil on the bobbin will have 
5.89 inches of roving in it and, as there are 8 coils per inch, the 
bobbin will wind up : 5.89 X 8 = 47.12 inches of roving for every 
inch of rail traverse. 

The speed of the front roll is found as follows : 



250X56X71 



= 166.25 R. P. M. 



46X130 



T he front roll is 1 3/16 inches in diameter or 3.73 inches in 
circumference, then: 166.25 x 3.73 = 620.113 inches of roving 
will be delivered by the front roll t>er minute. By dividing the de- 
livery of the front roll per minute by the amount of roving wound 
on the bobbin per inch of traverse, we will g-et the sneed at which 
the rail will have to move: 620.113 -r- 47.12 == 13.18 inches per 
minute. 



118 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

The lifting gear has 12 teeth and moves the lifting arm 13.26 
inches during a 12 inch traverse of rail. The teeth on the lifting 
arm are placed 10 in 6.5 inches or each tooth occupies a space of 
.65 inch, then : .65 X 12 = 7.8 inches which the lifting arm moves 
for every revolution of the lifting gear. As the lifting arm has to 
move a total of 13.26 inches for a full traverse of the rail, so: 
12.26 -f- 7.8 = 1.7 revolutions of lifting gear to a full 12 inch tra- 
verse of the bobbin rail. 

Now, if the bobbin rail travels at the rate of 13.18 inches per 
minute and it takes 1.7 revolutions of the lifting gear to traverse 
the rail 12 inches, then the speed of the lifting gear or shaft will be 
1.86 R. P. M., as follows : 

13.18 

X 1.7 = 1.86 R. P. M. 

12 

By following the train of gearing, we get the speed of the 
110 tooth crown gear to be : 

1.86X71X47 

= 4.949 R. P. M. 

33X38 

and the total number of teeth used on the crown gear will be : 
4.949 X HO = 544.39 teeth per minute. 

As the lay gear drives this crown gear and we have found the 
speed of the lay shaft to be 23.48 R. P. M., we get the number of 
teeth in the lay gear as follows: 

544.39 -f- 23.48 = 23 tooth lay gear. 
Then: V. 64 X 23 = 18.4 lay constant. 

Rule for using the lay constant: 

Constant -f- V HR = lay gear. 

The following rule is useful in changing the hank roving on 
the frames and applies to both the lay and tension gears : 

V H. R. on frame X gear on frame -f- V H.R. desired = gear 
needed. 

It is understood that, in using the rule, there is no change 
to be made in the size of the roving on the back of the frame. 

TAKE-UP GEARING. 

Referring to Fig. 40, the bottom cone drives the take-up 
shaft by a 16 into a 48 tooth gear at a speed, as we have before 
found, of 182.61 R. P. M. The take-up shaft carries the take-up 
gear which drives the sun-wheel and provides for the excess 



FLY FRAMES. 119 

speed of the bobbin necessary to wind on the delivery of the front 
roll. As the excess speed of the bobbin is the only speed we need 
to consider, it being the only one affected by the take-up gear, 
the total speed of the bobbin need not be figured. 

We have found that the front roll delivers 620.113 inches 
of roving per minute and the circumference of the 1% inch bob- 
bin to be 5.89 inches, hence, the bobbin will have to make 105.3 
R. P. M. to wind on the roving delivered by the front roll. This 
is the excess or winding speed of the bobbin, derived from the 
bottom cone and being entirely independent of the bobbin speed 
obtained from the main shaft. 

Starting with this speed and following the train of gears 
back to the sleeve gear, we get the following : 

105.3X27X46 

= 47.6 R. P. M. 

55X50 

This 47.6 R. P. M. represents the speed of the sleeve gear 
obtained from the sun- wheel. This is not considering the speed of 
the sleeve gear derived from the speed of the main shaft. Then 
the speed of the sun-wheel is 47.6 -r- 2 = 23.8 R. P. M. There 
are 140 teeth in the sun wheel, so the speed of tLe sun-wheel, 
multiplied by its number of teeth and divided by the speed of the 
take-up shaft, will give the size of the take-up gear to use. 

23.8X140 

. = 18.2 or 18 teeth in the take-up gear. 

182.61 

After the proper take-up gear has been put on and the cor- 
rect starting position of the cone-belt determined to give the 
proper tension on the roving during the winding of the first layer 
on the bobbin, there is no need to change the size of the gear. 

By a similar method of calculation, the cone gear can be 
found on those frames that use this gear as a change point instead 
of a take-up gear. There is one disadvantage in changing the gear 
on the bottom cone, to change the speed of the bobbin at the start, 
which is not present when the take-up gear is changed and, that 
is, when it ever becomes necessary to change the ^one gear, we 
change the value of the train of gearing that drives the rail and 
the lay of the roving on the bobbin is altered to a certain ex- 
tent. When the take-up gear is altered, the only change made 
is in the speed of the bobbin and, as this is present throughout 
the complete building of the bobbin and all the other motions 
are left as before, the tension gearing or traversing of the cone 
belt is in no wise affected. No change gear should ever be placed 
in such a position that a change in its size will affect the value 



120 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

of any other train of gearing that is controlled by another change 
gear. 

TAPER GEARING. 

The builder is carried in a suitable frame mounted on the 
bobbin rail and moves with the rail. The two sliding builder jaws 
are mounted on a right and left handed screw, so that, turning 
the screw will cause the builder jaws to move closer together or 
farther apart, thus decreasing or increasing the length of the 
traverse. On the end of this screw is connected a square rod, 
which slides through a square hole in the center of the taper gear, 
this latter, gearing direct into the belt rack. Now, as the belt 
"ack is moved at the end of each layer wound, the taper gear is 
turned, thus turning the screw and closing the builder jaws to- 
gether, thus causing ihe next layer wound to be shorter than the 
previous one. This is repeated after each layer and causes a 
gradual reduction in the length of the layers put on, giving the 
taper on the ends of the bobbin. 

The traverse is shortened Yi coil at each reversion of the 
rail and, as there are 66 reversions to the rail to wind the full 
bobbin, the traverse will be shortened a total of 33 coils. The 
roving lays 8 coils per inch, hence, the total shortening of the 
traverse is 4% inches. One revolution of the taper gear closes 
the builder jaws % inch, then: 4.125 -r- .75 = 5.5 revolutions 
needed to the taper e*ear. The total traverse of the cone belt 
rack, in building a full bobbin, is 28.5 inches or 91.2 teeth, conse- 
quently, the size of the taoer gear will be: 91.2 -~ 5.5 = 16.6 or 
17 teeth. * 

PRODUCTION. 

The production of a fly frame depends upon the spindle 
speed, or amount of twist put into the roving, the number of sets 
or doffs per day, the number of ends broken, the number of spin- 
dles to a frame and the general efficiency of the operative. As all 
of the above conditions are variable, it is almost impossible to 
give a definite statement in regard to the amount of time lost 
during the operation of a frame. On fine and jack fly frames, 
all conditions being good, making 6 to 10 H. R., an allowance of 
1 per cent, loss of time should be sufficient, on intermediates, 
from 10 to 14 per cent, and on slubbers from 12 to 25 per cent., 
depending upon the size of the roving being run and the length 
of the frame used. For instance, a slubber on .4 H. R. will run 
about 11 doffs a day, while the same slubber, at the same spindle 
speed, would only run about 4.75 doffs per day on .8 H. R., con- 



FLY FRAMES. 121 

sequently, the loss of time due to doffing, when running the .4 H. 
H. R., would be more than 2 1/3 times as great as when running 
the .8 H. R., and the percentage of the total production obtained 
in the former case would be correspondingly less. This is true on 
all the frames. Some mills use doffer girls, whose duty it is to 
help the tenders doff and creel their frames, one girl being placed 
to a certain number of frames. Where this system is used, the 
percentage of production is larger. 

All frames are equipped with a clock which registers the 
number of hanks run. The mechanism of the clock is run from 
a worm on the end of the front roll and is adjusted to the size of 
the roll so that it will register one hank when the roll has made 
enough revolutions to cause it to deliver 840 yards of roving. 
The clocks should- be read at the same time every day, thus show- 
ing a record of each day's run for each frame and ooerative, giv- 
ing a comparison between the efficiency of the operatives. 

The actual production of the frame in pounds per day can 
be found by the following rule: 

Multiply the hanks registered on the clock by the number of 
spindles on the frame and divide by the H. R. being run. 

Example: A fine frame is running 6 H. R., the spindle 
speed is 1,200 R. P. M., the twist Der inch is 2.92 turns, the front 
roll is IVr inches in diameter and is making 116 R. P. M. The 
hank clock registers 7.7 hanks for one day's run and the frame 
has 160 spindles, what is the production in pounds? 

7.7X160 

= 205.33 lbs. per day. 

6 

The above gives a correct idea of the production of the 
frame and, where several frames of the same size are running on 
the same H. R., an average of the clock readings of all the frames 
can be used to figure the total production that is being turned off, 
but it gives us no idea of the per cent, of production that is being 
produced. To do this, we must calculate the theoretical produc- 
tion of the frame and compare the two sets of figures. 

To get the theoretical production, there are two methods 
that we can use: 

First: Base our calculations on the front roll speed. This 
varies with every change in twist gear and should be ascertained 
before making the calculation or the results will not be correct. 

Second: Base our calculations on the speed ox the spindles 
and the twist in the roving. However, the speed of the spindles 
is often not what it is supposed to be, on account of loss of motion 
due to belt slippage, etc. 

Taking the second method and calculating the production 



122 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

without allowance for loss of time, we get the theoretical produc- 
tion. Spindle speed divided by the twist per inch gives the inches 
delivered per minute : 1,200 -=- 2.92 == 410.96 inches of roving 
per minute. Multiplied by the minutes in a day gives the inches 
delivered in a day : 410.96 x 600 == 246,396 inches per day. Di- 
vide this by 36 to get the yards per day : 246,396 h- 36 = 6,844.33 
yards. Then divide the yards delivered by the number of yards 
in one pound of 6 H. R. and it will give the pounds produced. 

6,844.33 

= 1.358 lbs. produced. 

6X840 

This amount is for one spindle and must be multiplied by the 
number of spindles in the frame to give the total theoretical pro- 
duction of the frame. Then : 1,358 x 160 = 217.28 pounds per 
day. 

The actual production, as figured from the clock reading, 
was 205.33 pounds. Then : 205.33 -=- 217.28 = .94 + or a produc- 
tion of a little over 94 per cent., showing a loss of time of nearly 
6 per cent. 

In running the card room, the theoretical production for the 
whole room can be figured and a comparison made with the actual 
results obtained fro*n the clock readings, showing, at a glance, 
the per cent, of possible production being turned off and giving 
an accurate idea of the efficiency of the machines and operatives. 

If we figure the theoretical production from the front roll 
speed, we get the following, the front roll being 3.53 inches in 
circumference : 

3.53X113X600X160 

= 216.65 pounds. 

36X6X840 

This compares closely with the 217.28 pounds obtained from 
the former figuring above, the difference being explained in the 
handling of the decimals. 

It is not possible to work out a production constant for fly 
frames that would be applicable to any and all conditions, as all 
the quantities in the production calculation are variable to a large 
extent. However, assuming the conditions mentioned in the ex- 
ample to be present, the production constant, based on one spin- 
dle and no allowances for loss of time, would be : 

1,200X600 

= 23.8. 

36X840 

If we divide this constant by the product obtained by multi- 
plying the twist per inch by the size of the hank roving, we will 
get the pounds produced by one spindle. 



- FLY FRAMES. 123 

A production constant of this kind, based on the conditions 
as actually present on the machines, would be useful in determin- 
ing the theoretical production on any number of frames, for any 
size roving and give, at a glance, the amount of roving to be ex- 
pected from any given number of spindles. 

In getting the average number of roving or yarn that is be- 
ing produced on a set of frames, we have to base the figures on 
the total length turned out and the total pounds produced. The 
rule is : 

Divide the total hanks produced by the total pounds pro- 
duced. 

Example: A card room has 20 fine fly frames of 160 spin- 
dles each; 6 frames on 3 H. R., the clock readings average 9,5 
hanks per day; 4 frames on 3.50 H. R., the clock readings average 
9 hanks per day; 7 frames on 4.5 H. R., the clock readings average 
8.25 hanks per day; 3 frames on 5.5 H. R., the clock readings 
average 7.6 hanks per day- What is the average H. R. being run? 

6 X 160 X 9.5 = 9,120 hanks. 9,120 -=-3 = 3,040 lbs. 
4X160X9. =5,760 hanks. 5,760 -r- 3.5 = 1,646 lbs. 

7 X 160 X 8.25 = 9,240 hanks. 9,240 -r- 4.5 = 2,059 lbs. 
3 X 160 X 7.6 = 3,648 hanks. 3,648 -r- 5.5 = 663 lbs: 



Total hanks = 27,768 Total pounds = 7,402 

Then: 27,768 ■-*- 7,402 = 3.75 average H. R. being run. 

The following table of production constants, based on the 
speed of the spindles, are worked out for a range of speeds, based 
on a 10 hour day and no allowance made for loss of time. Any 
production figured with their use will be theoretical production 
and it can be used as a comparison with what is actually obtained 
from the machines. 

Rule: 

Production Constant 

= lbs. per spindle. 

Ttuist x counts. 

Production constant for intermediate speeds, not shown in 
the table, can be gotten by proportion or by multiplying .0198 by 
the speed of the spindles. 

Example: What would be the production constant on a 
speeder that has a spindle speed of 1,187 R. P. M.? 

1187 X. 0198 = 23.50 production constant. 



124 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 



SPINDLE SPEED 
650 

700 

750 

800 

850 

900 

950 
1,000 
1,050 
1,100 
1,150 
1,200 
1,250 
1,300 



PRODUCTION CONSTANT 

12.87 
13.86 
14.85 
15.84 
16.83 
17.32 
18.81 
19.80 
20.79 
21.78 
22.77 
23.76 
24.75 
25.74 



The production of a fly frame is often based on the speed 
of the front roll. As the front roll on all frames are not the same 
size, the following constants were worked out to suit the different 
sizes of rolls that may be used. They are based on a 10 hour day 
and no allowance made for loss of time. 

Rule: 



Production Constant X R- P* M. of front roll 

Counts 

.078 for 1%" roll. 
.074 for 1 3/16" roll. 
.070 for 1%" roll. 
.066 for 1 1/16" roll. 



lbs. per 
spindle. 



FLY FRAMES. 



125 



PRODUCTION OF FLY FRAMES 





i 
Grains 


Twist 


Pounds per Day per Spindle 


Number 




Slubber 




Intermediate 


Roving 


Jack 


of 


per 
Yard 


per 
Inch 


















Roving 












i 












10 in. 


9 in. 


9 in. 


<oVi in. 


6 in. 


5H in. 


\ X A in. 


Wx in- 








Space 


Space 


Space 


Space 


Space 


Space i 


Space 


Space 


.20 


41.67 


.54 


58.71 ! 
















.30 


27,78 


.66 


41.60 


39.09 














.40 


20.83 


.76 


31.19 


30.69 


29.36 












.50 


16.67 


.85 


24.03 


24.29 


23.99 












.60 


13.89 


.93 


19.32 


20.05 


19.95 












.70 


11.90 


1.00 


15.75 


16.60 


16.92 












.80 


10.42 


1.07 


13.25 


14.13 


14.46 












.90 


9.26 


1.14 


11.24 


12.04 


12.36 


13.92 










1.00 


8.33 


1.20 


9.83 


10.64 


10.97 


12.33 


12.88 








1.10 


7.57 


1.26 




10.48 


9.75 


11.15 


a. 75 








1.20 


6.94 


1.31 






8.70 


10.16 


10.65 








1.30 


6.41 


1.37 








9.03 


9.50 








1.40 


5.95 


1.42 








8.21 


8.75 








1.50 


5.55 


1.47 








7.52 


8.15 








1.60 


5.20 


1.52 








6.89 


7.64 








1.70 


4.90 


1.56 








5.91 


7.19 








2.00 


4.16 


1.70 










5.63 


5.87 






2.25 


3.70 


1.80 










4.94 


5.21 






2.50 


3.33 


1.89 










4.21 


4.45 






2.75 


3.03 


1.98 










3.72 


3.86 






3.00 


2.77 


2.08 










3.32 


3.54 


3 57 




3.50 


2.38 


2.24 












2.93 


3.06 




4.00 


2.08 


2.40 












2.39 


2.45 




4.50 


1.85 


2.54 












2.07 


2.18 




5.00 


1.67 


2.68 












1.75 


1.83 




5.50 


1,51 


2.81 












1.54 


1.67 




6.00 


1.38 


2.94 












1.37 


1.43 




7.00 


1.19 


3.17 














1.15 




8.00 


1.04 


3.39 














.965 




9.00 


.92 


3.60 














.787 




10.00 


.83 


3.79 












• 


.675 


.822 


11.00 


.76 


3-98 














.614 


.747 


12.00 


.69 


4-16 
















.622 


14.00 


.59 


4-49 
















.497 


16.00 


.52 


4-80 

















.410 


18.00 


.46 


5.09 



















20.00 


.42 


5-37 

















.297 


22.00 


.38 


5.63 
















.262 


24.00 


.35 


5.88 
















.233 


26.00 


.32 


6.12 




391 









423 




.206 


Rev. of Pi 


llley per IV 


Minute, 


344 


392 


490 


441 


456 


556 


Rev. of Fl 


yer per M] 


nute. 


660 


750 


800 


1000 


1150 


1300 


1400 


1700 






( 


12 in. 


11 in. 


10 in. 


9 in. 


8 in. 


7 in. 


6 in. 


5 in. 


Size of Fu 


11 Bobbin, 


] 


X 


X 


X 


X 


X 


X 


X 


X 






i 


6Vs in. 


.. ; in 


5 Ms in. 


4'-, it). 


1\ in. 


:'.', in 




2% in. 


Cotton on 


Full Bobb 


in, 


46 oz. 


33 oz. 


27 oz. 


21 oz. 


16 oz- 


10 l A oz. 


lYi oz. 





USED BY PERMISSION OF WHIT1N MACHINE WORKS 



126 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS. 

CHAPTER VIII. 



Spinning — Draft — Twist — Speed — Production — Roll Set- 
ting — Average Number. 

spinning frames. 

The object of the spinning process is to convert one or two 
strands of roving, by reducing its size and adding a certain 
amount of twist, into a smooth, strong yarn and putting it on a 
bobbin or quill of suitable size for use on the machines follow- 
ing. The reduction in size is accomplished by the action of three 
lines of steel fluted drawing rolls with leather covered top rolls 
and the twisting and winding is accomplished by the revolutions 
of the spindle and traveler. 

The amount of draft used varies greatly, depending upon 
the requirements of the case and the ideas of different individu- 
als. The average draft used can be stated as being eight when 
using single roving and ten when using double roving. These 
figures are neither too high nor too low and will, under most con- 
ditions, produce good, even drawing and give a smooth, strong 
yarn. 

The amount of twist put into the yarn depends upon its size 
and the purposes for which it is intended. Warp yarn, on ac- 
count of the strength desired, requires more twist than filling. 
The twist is based on the square root of the number or counts of 
the yarn in all cases. The different multioles or multipliers used 
depend upon the requirements of the different yarns. The fol- 
lowing are the usual multipliers used : 

Warp yarn, 4^75. 
Filling yarn, 3.25. 
Doubling yarn, 2.75. 
Hosiery yarn, 2.50. 

The rule for determining the amount of twist is: 

Square root of the counts X twist multiplier — tivist pti 
inch. 

Following this rule, the twist required for 36's warp yari* 
would be: v 36 x 4.75 = 28.50 turns per inch. 

For 36's filling, the twist is: V.36 X 3.25 == 19.50 turns pe^ 
inch. 

The winding of the yarn on the bobbin is accomplished by 
the drag of the traveler as it is being carried around the ring by 
the yarn, the soeed of the traveler deuending upon the deliver} 
of the front roll, the speed of the spindle and the size of the bob 
bin, its speed decreasing as the bobbin increases in size. 



SPINNING FRAMES. 



12' 



The production of the frame depends upon the spindle speed, 
the twist in the yarn and the amount of time consumed by doff- 
ing, oiling, etc., and should be 90 per cent, and over, under most 
conditions. The coarser the yarn, the more doffing required ana 
the greater the amount of time lost. 

i The draft gearing of the majority of spinning frames is lo 
alike in arrangement that one diagram will be sufficient for cur 
purposes. The gearing is placed at either the head end or foot 
end of the frame, the head end gearing being the best arrange- 
ment as it relieves the tin drum of the strain of transmitting tne 
power necessary to drive the rolls and the traverse motion. Fig. 
41 gives a diagram of the draft gearing of a spinning frame buut 
by the Fales and Jenks Machine Co., Pawtucket, R. I. The front 



Q^ 



E 



/<=*£? -L 



s*- 



SAC/C fi?Oi-L- q- D/A 



>o 



J 



D&A^T 
0£-A/^> 



/Vf/DDLE ROLL s a/ A 



L£ 



30 



4 



F-^O/VT ROL.L / D/A. 



U 
Fig. 41. Draft Gearing of Fales & Jenks Spinning Frame. 



roll is 1 inch in diameter and the middle and back rolls are % 
inch in diameter. The large gear of 108 teeth on the end of the 
front roll is part of the twist gearing, being driven from the cyl- 
inder shaft. The front roll gear of 30 teeth drives the crowi 
gear of 120 teeth. On the stud with the crown gear is the dra,t 
change gear which drives the 84 tooth gear on the back roll. ThiS 
gives a draft constant of: 

8X120X84 

= 384. 

30X X X 7 

Constant -f- draft = gear. 
Constant ~r- gear = draft. 

Then, with a 38 tooth draft gear on, we would have the fol- 
lowing draft : 384 -=- 38 = 10.1 draft. 



128 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS 

"S. 

The draft between the middle and back rolls, or back draf i, 
is small, being usually about 11.05, as in the above diagram. 

The total draft divided by the back draft gives the front 
draft : 10.1 -f- 1.05 = 9.619 front draft. 

For small changes in the size of the yarn the proper draft 
gear can be found by calculations similar to the ones given on tLe 
fly frames. i 

Example : A spinning frame is making 36's yarn with a 33 
tooth draft gear on, what size draft gear will be needed to give 
32's yarn? 

Rule : Gear on frame x counts on frame -f- counts wanted 
= gear needed. 

Then : 38 x 36 -=- 32 = 42.7 or 43 tooth draft gear needed. 

In changing the draft gear from the weight of the yarn, the 
following rule holds good: 

Gear on the frame x iveight wanted -r- tv eight on the frame 
= gear needed. 

Example: A frame with a 40 tooth draft gear is delivering 
yarn that weighs 54 grains per 120 yards, what size gear will 
be needed to change the weight to 50 grains? 

40 X 50 -f- 54 = 37 tooth gear needed. 

In changing the draft gear from the draft of the machine, 
the following rule is correct: 

Gear on frame x draft on frame -+- draft desired = draft 
gear needed. 

Example: If a draft gear of 38 teeth gives a draft of 10, 
what size gear will be needed to give a draft of 10.75? 

38 X 10 -f- 10.75 = 35.3 or 35 tooth gear. 

In figuring the actual draft from the weight of material 
back and front, the following rule holds true: 

Weight on back x doublings = weight on front = actual 
draft. 

In figuring from the counts or size, use the following rule : 

Counts on front x doublings -f- hanks on back = actual 
draft. 

In dealing with draft on the spinning frames a peculiar fact 
presents itself, that is, the actual draft, as figured from the weight 
of roving and yarn, is less than the figured draft, as obtained 
from the gearing. This is explained by the fact that while the 
yarn is being twisted, it contracts in length and this contraction 
increases its weight, hence, the roving has to be drafted an addi- 
tional amount to overcome this heavy ing up while twisting. Thus, 



SPINNING FRAMES. 



129 



if a frame is spinning 30's yarn from 6 H. R. doubled, the actual 
draft is: 30X~2-^6 = 10. Now, if we calculate the draft from 
the gearing, we will find it to be about 10.3, or an increase of 
about 3 per cent., which is the amount of yarn contraction due to 
twisting. So then, any calculation for draft, made from the 
weight or size of the yarn, must have the result increased about 
3 per cent, in order to get the correct figured draft, or size of 
draft gear necessary to put on the frame. If the draft is figured 



U 



ToT7/H« fa 



3AC*< RCL.L- £ 'O/A. 




/n or it 



M/DOl-E f?OL.L. ,» DIA 
D/?^ FT" CHANGE 
OEA& 



L - , ^V6 



'On[Z3 



//a 



E&O/VT RCLL / ' D/A\. 



-th 



D 



Hi kj 

5 5 



Fig. 42. 



Gearing of Drawing Rolls on Saco-Pettee Spinning 

Frames. 



from the weight of the material, the easiest way of allowing for 
this contraction is to deduct it from the weight of the finished 
yarn on the front, getting, what we may term, the weight of the 
yarn before twisting, as follows : 

30's yarn weighs .2778 grs. per yard. Then : .2778 ~- 1.03 
--= .2697 grs. before twisting. 6 H. R. weighs 1,388 grs. per yard. 



Then: 2X1.388 



10.29 draft. 



.2697 



Fig. 42 shows a diagram of the draft gearing of the Saco- 
Pettee spinning frame, the only case in which the draft gearing 
is not arranged as shown in Fig. 41. The front roll drives the 
back roll by a train of gearing similar to the one shown in Fig. 
41, but, instead of the back roll driving the middle roll, the middle 
roll is driven from the front roll by a train of gearing similar to 
the one driving the back roll, being located at the opposite end 
of the frame. This calls for the use of two change gears and 
necessitates two calculations to get the correct gears to use. 

The draft constant for the total draft is figured as follows: 



8X79X84 



= 474 constant for total draft. 



16X X X7 



130 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS 

Constant -f- draft = gear. 

Constant -f- gear = draft. 

By following the gearing at the other end, we find the con- 
stant for the draft between the front and middle rolls, or front 
draft, to be: 

8X117X106 

= 472.46 constant for front draft. 

30X X X7 

Rule : Constant -r- change gear on foot end = draft be- 
iwean front and middle rolls. 

If we take the total draft and divide it by 1.05, the amount of 
draft desired between the middle and back rolls, we get the front 
draft. Divide the constant for front draft by the draft wanted 
and we get the proper change gear to use at this point. 

Example : With above gearing, what draft gears would be 
necessary to give a draft of 10.3? Head end draft gear figured 
as follows : 474 -=- 10.3 = 46 tooth draft gear. 

Foot end change gear figured as follows : 10.3 -j- 1.05 = 9.8 
front draft. 472.46 -f- 9.8 = 48 tooth foot end change gear. 

In the above arrangement, any change made in the total 
draft, affects the back draft and the break draft is the one occur- 
ring between the middle and back rolls. 

There is no absolute necessity of making the calculation for 
the foot end change gear, as its size can be determined from the 
size of the draft gear, if we remember that it is one tooth larger 
than the draft gear when that gear has 45 teeth or less and two 
teelh larger when the draft gear has more than 45 teeth. 

TWIST GEARING. 

The twist is considered as the ratio between the delivery of 
the front roll and the spindle speed. Fig. 43 shows the arrange- 
ment of the twist gearing of the spinning frame. On the tin 
cylinder or drum is a 30 tooth gear, called the drum or cylinder 
gear, which drives the 90 tooth jack or stud gear. On the stud 
with the jack gear is the twist gear which drives to the front roll 
gear of 118 teeth, using one intermediate in one drive and two in 
the other, thus giving both drawing rolls motion in opposite di- 
rections. The cylinder is 7 inches in diameter and the whorl of 
the spindle is % inch in diameter. As the ratio between the diam- 
eters of the cylinder and whorl is not the ratio between their 
speeds, we cannot use the two diameters, but have to use a ratio 
which is supposed to represent the number of revolutions the 
spindle makes for every one of the cylinder under working con- 






SPINNING FRAMES. 



131 



ditions. This ratio is given as 7.25 for the two diameters used 
above and is figured so as to make necessary allowance for band 
slippage, etc. 




Fig. 43. Gearing End of a Spinning Frame 
Arrangement of Twist Gearing. 



Showing 



The front roll is 1 inch in diameter or 31516 inches in cir- 
cumference and the twist constant is found as follows, the calcu- 
lation being similar to that used on the fly frames: 

118X90X7.25 

= 817.36 twist constant. 

3.1416XXX30 

Putting this in the form of a rule we get the following: 

Front roll gear x jack gear x ratio 
= twist constant. 



3.1416 xxx drum gear. 



132 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS 

Constant -r- gear — twist. 
Constant -p twist = gear. 

Example: With a frame geared as above, what size twist 
gear would be required to run 25's warp yarn? 

V25 = 5; 5X4.75 = 23.75 turns of twist: 

Then: 817.36 -f- 23.75 = 34.4 or 34 tooth gear required. 

By using different combinations of jack and cylinder gears 
and different size front roll gears almost any range of twist de- 
sired can be obtained. 

In figuring the twist gear when changing the size of the yarn, 
the following rules will be found useful and convenient: 

Gear on the frame x twist in the yarn ■+- twist wanted = 
twist gear needed. 

Example: A frame is putting in 32 turns of twist with a 
40 tooth twist gear on, what size gear will be needed to reduce 
the twist to 24 turns ? , 

32X40 

= 53 tooth gear needed. 

24 

By using the square root of the yarn, the proper twist gear 
can be determined, without knowing the amounts of twist, by the 
following rule: ; 

V Counts on frames x gear on frame -r- V counts wanted = 
twist gear needed. 

Example: A frame is running 28's warp with a 40 tooth 
twist gear- on, what size gear will be needed to run 32's warp ? 

V 28 = 5.29. V 32 = 5.66. 

5.29X40 

= 37.3 or 37 tooth gear needed. 

5.66 

Although the universal custom is to consider the speed of 
the spindle as the basis for determining the amount of twist put 
in the yarn, the statement that every revolution of the spindle 
puts in one turn of twist is not correct and the ratio between the 
spindle speed and the front roll delivery is not the exact twist. 
The amount of twist actually put into the yarn depends upon the 
speed of the traveler, as the revolving of the traveler around the 
ring produces the turning or twisting of the yarn on its own axis. 
The traveler speed depends upon the spindle speed, the size of the 
bobbin and the front roll delivery, being greatest when the bob- 
bin is full. In other words, the traveler lags behind the spindle 
enough revolutions to cause the bobbin to wind up the yarn de- 
livered by the front roll. Suppose the front roll to make 120 R. 



SPINNING FRAMES. 133 

P. M., the spindle speed to be 9,500 R. P. M., and the diameter of 
the bobbin to be % inch. Now, while the bobbin and spindle go 
at the same speed, the traveler lags behind. The front roll deliv- 
ers: 120 X 3.1416 = 376.99 inches of yarn per minute. Allow- 
ing for the 3 per cent, contraction in twisting, then the length of 
vara actually delivered to and wound on the bobbin is: 376.99 x 
.97 = 365.68 inches. 

The bobbin is % inch in diameter or 2.75 inches in circum- 
ference, then, for every revolution that the traveler lags behind, 
the bobbin will wind on 2.75 inches of yarn and, to wind on the 
total delivery of the front roll, the traveler will have to lag be- 
hind: 3.65.68 -s- 2.75 = 133 revolutions. 

Then, 9,500 — 133 = 9,367 R. P. M. as the speed of the trav- 
eler. Divide the traveler speed by the front roll delivery and we 
get the actual amount of twist that is being put into the yarn, as 
follows : 

9367 -*- 365.68 = 25.61 turns per inch. 

If the twist is based on the spindle speed, it works' out as fol- 
lows : 

9500 4- 365,68 = 25.97 turns per inch. 

This shows very little variation from the correct conditions 
and is not of enough importance to be considered. Ordinarily 
the twist calculation is based on the front roll surface speed and 
the spindle speed, no allowances for yarn contraction or the lag 
of the traveler being taken into consideration and the result is 
accurate enough for every purpose. In the above case, the soindle 
speed divided by the surface speed or delivery of the front roll, 
will give 25.19 turns of twist per inch, not enough variation to be 
noticed. 

Although, on most frames, there is a traverse gear, which 
regulates the speed of the ring rail and is changed when making 
wide variations in the size of the yarn, there is no calculation 
necessary to determine its size, it being simnly a matter of judg- 
ment based upon the way the yarn lays on the empty bobbin. 

PRODUCTION. 

As on the fly frame, the production of a spinning frame can 
be figured from the spindle or front roll speed. Either will give 
good results. 

Example : What is the production of a frame of 256 spindles 
on 28's yarn, warp twist, if the spindle speed is 9,500 R. P. M., 
allowing a loss of time of 10 per cent. : V28 X 4.75 = 25.13 turns 
of twist. 



134 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS 

9500X600X256X.90 



61.72 lbs. per day. 



25.13X36X28X840 

The above calculation can be made for one spindle, by leav- 
ing out the 258, and this result multiplied by the number of spin- 
dles will give the total production. 

The finer the yarn run, the fewer times the frame is doffed 
and the less the loss of time, so, in coarse yarns we can look for 
less production, as compared with the theoretical production, 
than when running the finer numbers of yarn. 

A production constant can be worked out, from the data 
given in the above example, based on one spindle and no allowance 
for loss of time, as follows : 

9500X600 

= 188.5 production constant. 

36X840 

The above constant is worked out for full time and a spindle 
speed of 9,500 K. P. M., for a 10 hour day and is applicable under 
no other conditions. However one can be worked out for any 
spindle speed and length of day and, unless the loss of time, due 
to doffing, etc., is allowed for, will give the theoretical production, 
or the amount that would be produced in that time if the frame 
was run continually with no stops. 

Rule for using constant: 

Constant -±- Twist per inch x counts of yarn = lbs. per 
spindle. 

By multiplying the spindle speed by .0198 the production 
constant for any spindle speed can be gotten for full time. 

Example: What would be the production constant for full 
time if the spindle speed was 8,600 R. P. M.? 

8,600 X .0198 = 170.28 production constant. 

If it is desired to figure the production from the front roll, 
it can be done by using the following formula, the 1 inch front 
roll being 3.1416 inches in circumference? 

3.1416 x R. p. M. of front roll x minutes run. 

= lbs. per 

36 X Counts X 840 spindle. 

The production constant of .0623, is based on a 10 hour day 
and no allowance for loss of time. 
Rule: 

Production constant X R, p. M. of front roll 

= lbs. per 

Counts of yarn spindle. 



SPINNING FRAMES. 135 



ROLL SETTING. 



As a general rule the rolls of a spinning frame can be set 
closer than those on a fly frame, but no fixed rule can be given and 
the final decision must rest upon the appearance of tne stock as it 
leaves the rolls. A great deal depends upon the condition of the 
stock, the feel of the fibers, the draft and speed of the rolls. 

Distance between front and middle rolls should be 1/16 to % 
inch greater than the length of the staple used. 
Between middle and back rolls, Vs to 14 inch. 

AVERAGE NUMBER. 

In a spinning room or mill, where several sizes of yarn are 
being run, it is often desired to know what is the average counts 
turned out. Although it is figured by several methods, there 
is only one that will give the correct results and it is based 
on the pounds produced. Any calculation based on any other basis 
is wrong. The following rule and example will illustrate and ex- 
plain the method : 

Rule : Divide the total hanks spun by the total pounds spun. 
Ansiver will be the average number of yarn spun. 

Example: A mill produces 2,500 lbs. of 30's, 3,000 lbs. of 
36's, 5,000 lbs. of 40's, 8,000 lbs. of 50's and 2,000 lbs. of 60's in 
one week, what is the average number run? 

2,500X30= 75,000 hanks of 30's 

3,000X36 = 108,000 hanks of 36's 

5,000X40 = 200,000 hanks of 40's 

8,000X50 = 400,000 hanks of 50's 

2,000X60 = 120,000 hanks of 60's 



20,500 903,000 

By applying the above rule: 

903,000-^20,500 = 44.05 average number 



136 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS 



TABLE FOR NUMBERING YARN BY GRAINS 



2 



.5 --a 



O 

-Q .-3 

3 
3 



9 

9% 

9% 
9% 
10 

ioy 4 
io% 
io% 

ii 

11% 

11% 

11%' 

12 

12% 

12% 

12% 

13 

13% 

13% 

13% 

14 

14% 

14% 

14%' 

15 

15% 

15% 

15% 

16 

16% 

16% 

16% 

17 

17% 

17% 

17% 

18 

18% 

18% 

18% 

19 

19% 

19% 

19% 

20 



777 
756. 
736 
720 
700. 
682. 
666 
651. 
636 
622. 
608 
595 
583. 
571 
560 
549. 
546. 
526, 
518, 
509 
500, 
491 
482 
474 
466 
459 
451 
444 
437 
430 
424 
417 
411 
405 
400 
394 
388 
383 
378 
373 
368 
363 
358 
354 
350 



S ™ 

^ OJ 



V, 


X 


o 


_* 


o 


^ 


o 




m C 








ca c 




h C 


C 03 


U C ■ 


C. Ca 


£ c 


C e3 


ft G 




'cjffl 




'S* 1 * 




'cjK 


*§ 


6* 

I 3 




3 


og 


3 


^S 


g{H 


I Z 


ft 


1 Z 


ft 


1 Z 


a 


2 



77l|20% 
75'! |20% 
84||20% 
51||21 
00||21% 
92||21%| 
66||21%| 
16||22 
36|22%| 
22||22%| 
6911223/4] 
74||23 
33|f23% 
42||23% 
001123% 
01||24 
15||24%'| 
H||24%i 
51||24%| 
09||25 
00||25%| 
22||25%| 
75||25%| 
57||26 
66j|26%'| 
01|j26.%) 
61||26% 
,44||27 
■50|j27% i 
76||27% 
,241127% 
,91||28 
,76||28% 
.79 1 J 28% 
00||28% 
36||29 
88!|29% 
56|I29% 
.37|'|29% 
33i|30 
42||30% 
.631 30% 
.97||30% 
43||31 ' 
0011 



344.44JJ 
341.46|| 
337.34j| 

333. 33[) 
329.41|| 

325.58)| 
321.83|| 
318.18|| 
314.60!| 
311.11|| 
307.69)j 
304.34J| 
301.0711 
297.87|| 
294.73|| 
291.66|| 
288.65j| 
285.71|| 
282.8211 
280.00ji 
277.22(1 
274.50i| 
271.84|| 
269.231! 
266.66|| 
264.15|| 
261.68)1 
259. 25 11 
256.88|! 
254.541) 
252.52ji 
250.001' 
247.78IJ 
245.6111 
243.46 |l 
1241.37|| 
239.31; 
[237.281! 
235.29! 
1233.331 
|231.40| 
)229.50| 
J227 64| 
1225.80'! 



31% 

31% 

31% 

32 

32% 

32% 

3234 

33 

33% 

33% 

3334 

34 

34% 

34% 

34% 

35 

35% 

35% 

35% 

36 

36% 

36% 

3634 

37 

37% 

37% 

37% 

38 

38% 

38% 

38% 

39 

39% 

39% 

39% 

40 

4014. 

40% 

4034 

41 

41% 

41% 

41% 

42 



224.08'l 

222.221 { 

220.47!| 

218.75[| 

217.05' 

215.38|| 

213.74|| 

212 12|| 

210.52(1 

208.95|| 

207.40 J 

205.88j| 

204.30 1 

202.89j| 

201.431! 

200.00|i 

198.581! 

197.32'! 

195.80) 

194 44]! 

193.10IJ 

191.781) 

190.47M 

189.18'| 

187.91'! 

186.6611 

185.42 

184.21!| 

183.00!| 

181.81" 

180.63" 

179.481! 

178.34 

177.21!! 

176.10 

175.00' 

173.911! 

172.83 

171.77 

170.73 

169.691! 

168.67" 

167.661! 

166.661! 



42%I165. 
42%jl64. 
4234(163. 
43 1 1 6 2 . 
43%|161. 

43 % 1 160: 
43%|160. 

44 [159. 
44%|158. 
44% 1 157. 
4434J156. 

45 [155. 
45%|154. 
45% [153. 
4534|152. 

46 [152. 
46%|151. 
46% [150. 
4634)149. 

47 |148. 
47i4|148. 
47%) 147. 
4734 !146. 

48 J145. 
48%|145. 
48%<|144. 

48 34 1 143 

49 [142 
49%! 142 
49% 1 141 
4934|140 

50 J140 
50%jl39 
50% J 13 8 
5034)137 

51 [137 
51%|l36 
51%) 135 
51%! 135 

52 [134 
52% 1 133 
52% 133 
5234J132 

53 J132 



68||53%j 

70l|53%j 

74J|53 3 4| 

79||54 I 

84||54%| 

91 1 1 54%; 

00||54%| 

09||55 

19j J 55% J 

41||55%'| 

42|l5534i 

55||56 I 
69|)56%| 
84i!56%'| 
95U5634) 
17))57 . 
30)157% 
53![57% 
•73| j 57% 
.93[|58 
14J|58% 
• 34jj58% 
.591(58% 
.83 j 1 59 
.07j|59% 
.32 j 1 59% 
.58||-5934 
.85||60 
.13(161 
.41|162 
.70||63 
00! 64 
.30!;65 
.61|)66 
.93 : 67 
.29 68 
.58)169 
.921(70 
.26(171 
61H72 
.97l|73 
.33!|74 
.70 75 
07"76 



131,45|| 

130.84|j 
130.23! 
129. 62|, 
129.03|| 
128.441! 
127.85|| 
127.27|| 
126.6911 
126.12)1 
125.56); 
125.00)) 
124.49)1 
123,89 
123.34)! 
122.80)! 
122.271 j 
[121.73|| 
[121.21|| 
[120.68(1 
|120.17(| 
[119.651! 
jll9.14|i 
|118.47«|| 
[118.14 1 
|117.64j| 
(117.15J! 
)116.66|) 
114.80J 
'112.9011 
[111.1011 
109.30|| 
[107.7011 
[106.10H 
;i04.40[| 
!102.90![ 
'101.40(1 
100 00)1 
! 98.60H 

97.20)1 
j 95.90|| 

94.60)! 

93.30J) 
i 92.10)1 



77 

78 

79 

80 

81 

82 

83 

84 

85 

86 

87 

88 

89 

90 

91 

92 

93 

94 

95 

96 

97 

98 

99 

100 

105 

110 

115 

120 

125 

130 

135 

140 

145 

150 

155 

160 

165 

170 

175 

180 

185 

190 

195 

200 



M C 
ft 

O u 



90.90 
89.70 
88.60 
87.50 
86.4C 
85.40 
84.30 
83.30 
82.40 
81.40 
80.40 
79.50 
78.60 
77.80 
76.90 
76.10 
75.30 
74.50 
73.70 
72.90 
72.30 
71.40 
70.70 
70.00 
66.70 
63.60 
60.90 
58.30 
56.00 
53.80 
51.80 
50.00 
48.30 
46.70 
45.20 
43.80 
42.40 
41.20 
40.00 
38.90 
37.80 
36.80 
35.90 
35.00 



USED BY PERMISSION OF SACO-PETTEE CO. 



SPINNING FRAMES. 



137 



TWIST TABLE 



o 
u c 

!§ 


o 
c 

.<* 

S-i 

a 


Extra 
Warp 
Twist 


Warp 

Twist 


Whitman's 
Warp 
Twist 


Extra Mule 
Twist 


Mule Warp 
Twist 


-4-> 
CO 

C 


Doubling 

Twist 


Hosiery 

Twist 


1 


1.0000 


5.00 


4 75 


4.50 


4 ,00 ! 


3.75 j 


3.25 | 


2.75 ! 


2.50 


2 


. 1.4142 


7.07 


6.72 


-6.36 


5.66 


5.30 


4.60 


3.89 | 


3.54 


3 


1.7321 


8 66 


8.23 


7.79 


6.93 


6.50 


5.63 i 


4.76 | 


4.33 


4 


[ 2.0000 


10.00 


9.50 


9.00 


8.00 


7.50 


6.50 


5.50 ! 


5.00 


5 


2.2361 


11.18 


10.62 


10.06 


8.94 


8.39 


7.27 


6.15 i 


5.59 


6 


2.4495 


12.25 


11.64 


11.02 


9.80 


9 19 


7.96 


6.74 I 


6.12 


7 


2.6458 


13.23 


12.57 


11.91 


10.58 


9.92 


8,60 


7.28 i 


6.61 ■ 


8 


2.8284 


14.14 


13.43 


12.73 


11.31 


10.61 


9.19 


7.78 


7.07 


9 


3.0000 


15.00 


14 25 


13.50 


12.00 


11.25 


9.75 


8.25 


7.50 


10 


3.1623 


15.81 


15.02 


14.30 


12.65 


11.86 


10.28 


8.70 


7.91 


11 


3.3166 


16.58 


15.75 


14.92 


13.27 


12.44 


10.78 


9 12 | 


8.29 


12 


3.4641 


17.32 


16.45 


15.59 


13.86 


12.99 


11.26 


9.53 | 


8.66 


13 


3.6056 


18.03 


17 13 


16.23 


14.42 | 


13.52 


11.72 


9.92 


9.01 


14 


3.7417 i 


18.71 


17.77 


16.84 


14.97 


14.03 


12.16 


10.29 ! 


9.35 


15 


3.8730 


19.36 


18.40 


17.43 


15.49 


14.52 


12.59 


10.65 


9.68 


16 


4.0000 


20.00 


19.00 


18.00 


16.00 


15.00 


13.00 


11.00 | 


10.00 


17 


4.1231 


20.62 


19.58 


18.55 


16.49 


15.46 


13.40 


1134 


10.31 


18 


4.2426 


21.21 


20.15 


19.09 


16.97 


15.91 


13.79 


11.67 | 


10.61 


19 


4.3589 


21.79 


20.70 


19.61 


17.44 


16.35 


14.17 


11.99 


10.90 


20 


4.4721 


22.36 


21.24 


20.12 


17.89 


16.77 


14.53 


12.30 


11.18 


• 21 


4.5826 


22.91 


21.77 


20.62 


18.33 


1718 


14.89 


12.60 | 




22 


4.6904 


23.45 


22.28 


21.11 


18.76 


17.59 


15.24 


12.90 




23 


4.7958 


23.98 


22.78 


21.58 


19.18 


17.98 


15.59 


13.19 | 




24 


4.8990 


24.49 


23 27 


22.05 


19 60 


18.37 


15.92 


13.47 




25 


5.0000 


25.00 


23.75 


22.50 

22.95 ' 


20.00 


18.75 


16.25 


13.75 




26 


5.0990 


25.50 


24.22 


20.40- 


19.12 


16.57 


14.02 | 




27 


5.1962 


25.98 


24.68 


23.38 


20.78 


19.49 


16.89 


14.29 




28 


5.2915 


26.46 


25.13 


23.81 


21.17 


19.84 


17.20 


14.55 ; 




29 


5.3852 


26.93 


25.58 


24.23 


21.54 


20 19 


17.50 


14.81 | 




30 


5.4772 


27.39 


26.02 


24.65 


21.91 


20.54 


17.80 


15.06 | 




31 


5.5678 


27.84 


26.45 


25.04 


22.27 


20.88 


18.10 


15.31 




32 


5.6569 


28.28 


26 87 


25.46 


22.63 


21.21 


18.38 


15.56 i| 




33 


5.7446 


28.72 


27.29 


25.85 


22.98 


21.54 


18.67 


15 80 | 




34 


5.8310 


29.15 


27.70 


26.24 


23.32 


21.87 


18.95 


16.03 




35 


5.9161 


29.58 


28.10 


26.62 


23.66 


22.19 


19.23 


16.27 | 




36 


6.0000 


30.00 


28.50 


27.00 


24.00 


22 50 


19.50 


16.50 | 




37 


6.0828 


30.41 


28 89 


27.37 


24.33 


22.81 


19.77 


16.73 




38 


6.1644 


30.82 


29.28 


27.74 


24.66 


23.12 


20.03 


16.95 | 




39 


6.2450 


31.22 


29.66 


28.10 


24.98 


23.42 


20.30 


17.17 i| 




40 


6.3246 


31.62 


30.04 


28.46 


25.30 


23.72 


20.55 


17.39 | 




41 


6.4031 


32.02 


30 41 


28.81 


25.61 


24.01 


20.81 


17.61 | 




42 


6.4807 


32.40 


30.78 


29.16 


25.92 


24.30 


21.06 


17.82 \ 




43 


6.5574 


32.79 


31.15 


29.51 


26.23 


24 59 


21.31 


18.03 | 




44 


6.6332 


33.17 


31.51 


29.85 


26.53 


24.87 


21.56 


18.24 | 




45 


6.7082 


33.54 


31.86 


30.19 


.26.83 


25.16 


21.80 


18.45 | 





USED BY PERMISSION OF SACO-PETTEE CO. 



138 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS 



TWIST TABLE- Continued 



4 



c 

u 

M 

U O 

<D 

S 

3 


4J 
O 

o 

U 

a 

3 


+J 

aj 

'% 

ft 
u 


4J 

w 

S ft 

g « 


4J 
W 

U 


M 

9 
P 


lling Twist 


)ubling 

Twist 


5 




£ 


£ 


H 


3 


fe 


Q 


46 


6.7823 | 


32.21 | 


30.52 


27.13 


25.43 j 


22.04 


18.65 


47 


6.8557 


32.56 


30.85 


27.42 ' 


25.71 


22.28 


18.85 


48 


6.9282 | 


32.91 


31.18 


27.71 


25.98 | 


22.52 


19.05 


49 


7.0000 [ 


33.25 


31.50 


28.00 


26.25 


22.75 


19.25 


50 


7.0711 | 


33.59 


31.82 


28.28 


26.52 


22.98 


19.45 


51 


7.1414 'J 


33.92 | 


32.14 


28.57 


26.78 


23.21 


19.64 


52 


7.2111 


34.25 


32.45 


28.84 


27.04 


23.44 


19.83 


53 


7.2801 


34.58 


32.76 


29.12 


27.30 


23.66 


20.02 


54 


7.3485 


34.90 


33.07 


29.39 


27.56 


23.88 


20 21 


55 


7.4162 


..35.23 | 


33.37 


29.66 


27.81 


24.10 


20.39 


56 


7.4833 '| 


35.55 


33.67 


29.93 


28.06 


24 32 i 


20.58 


57 


7.5498 


35.86 


33.97 


30.20 


28.31 


24.54 


20.76 


58 


7.6158 


36.17 


34.27 


30.46 


28.56 


24.75 


20.94 


59 


7.6811 


36.49 ' 


34.56 


30.72 


28.80 


24.96 


21.12 


60 


7.7460 


36.79 


34.86 


30.98 


29.05 


25.17 


) 21.30 


61 


7.8102 i| 


3710 | 


35.15 


31.24 


29.29 i 


25.38 


21.48 


62 


7.8740 


37.40 


35.43 


31.50 


29.53 


25.59 


21.65 


63 


7.9373 


37.70 


35.72 


31.75 


29.76 


2580 


21.83 


64 


8.0000 | 


38.00 


36.00 


32.00 


30.00 


26.00 


22.00 


65 


8.0623 


38.30 


36.28 


32.25 


30.23 


26.20 


22.17 


66 


8.1240 i| 


38.59 


36.56 


32.50 


30.47 


26.40 ; 


22.34 


67 


8.1854 


38.8'8 


36.83 


32.74 


30.69 


26.60 


22.51 


68 


8 2462 


39.17 


37.11 


32.98 


30.92 


26.80 


22.68 


69 


8.3066 


39.46 


37.38 


3323 


31.15 


27.00 


22.84 


70 


8.366S 


39.74 


37.65 


33.47 


31.37 


27.19 


23.01 


71 


8.4261 ! 


40.02 


37.92 


33.70 


31.60 


27.38 


23.17 


72 


8.4853 


40.30 


38.18 


33.94 


31.82 i 


27.58 


23.23 


73 


8.5440 


40.58 


38.45 


34.18 


32.04 


27 77 


23.50 


74 


8.6023 


40.86 


38 71 


34.41 


32.26 


27.96 


23.66 


75 


8.6603 


41.14 


38.97 


34.64 


32.48 


28.15 


23.82 


76 ' 


8.7178 


41.41 


39.23 


34.87 


32.69 


28.33 


23.97 


77 


8.7750 


•41.68 


39.49 


35.10 


32.91 


28.52 ' 


24.13 


78 


8.8318 


41.95 


39.74 


35 33 


33.12 


28.70 


24.29 


79 


8.8882 


42.22 


40.00 


35.55 


33.33 


28.87 


24.44 


80 


8.9443 


42.48 


40.25 


35.78 


33.54 


29.07 


24.60 


82 


9.0554 ' 


43.01 


40.75 


36.22 


33.96 


29.43 


24.90 


84 


9.1652 


43.53 


41.24 


36.66 


34.37 


29.79 


25.20 


86 


9.2736 


44.05 


41.73 


37.09 


34.78 ' 


3014 


25.50 


88 


9.3808 


44.56 


42.21 


37.52 


35.18 


30.49 


25.80 


90 


..9.4868 


45.06 


42.69 


37.95 


35.58 


30.83 


26.09 


92 i 


9.5917 


45.56 


43 16 


38.37 


35.97 


31.17 


26.38 


94 


9.6954 


46.05 


43.63 


38.78 


36.36 


31.51 


26.66 


96 


9.7980 


46.54 


44.09 


39.19 


36.74 


31.84 


26.94 


98 


9.8995 


47.02 


44.55 ] 


39.60 


37.12 


32.17 


27.22 


100 


10.0000 


47.50 


1 45.00 


I 40.00 


37.50 


32.50 


27.50 



USED BY PERMISSION OF SACO-PETTEE CO. 



SPINNING. 

Production Table of Ring Filling Yarn. 
Front Roll 1 Inch in Diameter. 



3 

Cm 

O 

o 


c 
"a, 

In 

o 
o 
. N 
cfl 


y 

6 

ej 
^5 

Cm 

O 

y 
to 

3 
c3 




o 
5 


I 1 " . 

i° 6 

c 2 
« 2 


A 

y 

c 

j- 

y 

+j 

ir, 

'$ 

H 


Revolutions of 

front roll per 

minute. 


Revolutions of 

spindle per 

minute. 


Hanks per 

spindle per 

day of 10 hours. 


Pounds per spin 

die per week of 

58 hours. 


Pounds per spin- 
dle per week of 
60 hours. 


Pounds per spin- 
dle per week of 
66 hours. 


4 






6.50 


240 


5000 


10.00 


14.40 


14.88 


16.37 


5 








7.27 


230 


5400 


10.00 


11.50 


11.95 


13.15 


6 






. 


7.96 


220 


5600 


9.85 


9.53 


9.86 


10.84 


7 








y 


8.60 


214 


5800 


9.85 


8.13 


8.40 


9.24 


8 








u 


9.19 


208 


6000 


9.75 


7.07 


7.31 


8.04 


9 










9.75 


202 


6200 


9.65 


6.24 


6.46 


7.10 


10 






i *" 


10.28 


196 


6400 


9.60 


5.56 


5.76 


6.33 


11 








10. ',8 


190 


OjOO 


9.50 


5.00 


5.18 


5.70 


12 






v i ' 


11.26 


184 


6600 


9.40 


4.54 


4.70 


5.17 


13 






r-1 




11.72 


180 


6700 


9.35 


4.15 


4.29 


4.72 


14 






O 




12.16 


176 


6800 


9.25 


3.82 


3.95 


4.35 


15 






+J 




12.59 


172 


6900 


9.15 


3.53 


3.65 


4.02 


16 






* 




13. 


108 


7000 


9.05 


3.28 


3.39 


3.73 


17 




I-i 




13.40 


166 


7100 


9.00 


3.07 


3.17 


3.48 


18 








13.79 


162 


7200 


8.80 


2.84 


2.93 


3.22 


19 








CO 


14.17 


158 


7200 


8.70 


2.64 


2.74 


3.02 


20 










14.53 


156 


7300 


8.60 


2.49 


2.5S 


2.83 


21 










14.89 


154 


73U0 


8.50 


2.34 


2.42 


2.67 


22 










15.24 


152 


7400 


8.40 


2.21 


2.29 


2.52 


23 










15.59 


150 


7400 


8.30 


2.09 


2.16 


2.38 


24 










15.92 


148 


7600 


8.20 


1.98 


2.05 


2.25 


25 


at 








16.25 


146 


7000 


8.10 


1.87 


1.94 


2.13 


26 










17.84 


144 


8000 


7.95 


1.77 


1.83 


2.01 


27 


E 

3 








18.19 


142 


8200 


7.85 


1.68 


1.74 


1.91 


28 


tn 






18.52 


140 


8200 


7.75 


1.60 


1.66 


1.83 


29 


fc 


O 






18.84 


138 


8300 


7.60 


1.52 


1.57 


1.73 


30 


*rt 


£ 

3 




CO 


19.17 


136 


8300 


7.55 


1.45 


1.51 


1.66 


31 


(-. 


fc 






20.88 


134 


8»00 


7.45 


1.39 


1.44 


1.58 


32 


£ 








21.21 


132 


8800 


7.35 


1.33 


1.38 


1.52 


33 


CN 


"c« 




21.54 


130 


8900 


7.25 


1.27 


1.31 


1.44 


34 


(H 






21.87 


128 


8900 


7.20 


1.22 


1.27 


1.39 


35 


o' 


«s 






22.19 


126 


8900 


7.10 


1.17 


1.21 


1.33 


36 








22.50 


124 


8900 


7.00 


1.12 


1.16 


1.28 


37 


u 

0) 






22.81 


122 


8800 


6.90 


1.08 


1.11 


1.23 


38 


in 
Q 








23.12 


120 


8800 


6.80 


1.03 


1.07 


1.18 


39 








23.42 


118 


8800 


G.70 


.99 


1.03 


1.13 


40 








23.72 


116 


8800 


6.65 


.96 


1.00 


1.10 


41 








24.01 


114 


8700 


6.55 


.92 


.96 


1.06 


42 








* 24.30 


112 


8700 


6.40 


.88 


.91 


1.00 


43 








10 1 24.59 


110 


8600 


6.30 


.84 


.87 


.96 


44 








24.87 


108 


8600 


6.20 


.81 


.84 


.93 


45 ! 










25.16 


106 


8500 


6.10 


.78 


.81 


.89 


46 










25.43 


104 


8500 


6. 


.75 


.78 


.86 


47 










25.71 


104 


8500 


6. 


.74 


.76 


.84 


48 










25.98 


102 


8400 


5.90 


.71 


.73 


.81 


49 








26.25 


102 


8300 


5.90 


.69 


.72 


.79 


50 








26.52 


100 


8200 


5.80 


.67 


.69 


.76 


55 






'"' 




27.00 


96 


8200 


5.50 


.58 


.60 


.66 


60 










27.00 


92 


8000 


5.30 


.51 


.53 


.58 


65 










27.00 


88 


7700 


5.10 


.45 


.47 


.52 


70 










27.19 


84 


7400 


4.90 


.40 


.42 


.47 


75 








IO 


28.15 


82 


7400 


4.80 


.37 


.38 


.42 


80 








29.07 


80 


7400 


4.60 


.33 


.34 


.37 


85 










29.96 


78 


7400 


4.60 


.31 


.32 | 


.35 


90 ! 










31.00 


76 


7400 


4.40 


.28 


.29 j 


.32 


95 1 
|l00 ! 










31.68 


74 


7400 


4.40 


.26 


.27 


.30 










32.50 


72 


7400 


4.30 


.24 


.25 


J28 



USED BY PERMISSION OF DRAPER CO. 



SPINNING. 



Production Table of Ring Warp Yarn. 
Front Roll 1 Inch in Diameter. 





v 


u 






X 


l+H 


lM 


03 


Cjj 


.5 o 


a o 


a 

u 

• 


o 


6 

rt 

o 
<u 
be 




in 


o u 
bJD^ 


u 

.5 

V 

D, 
t/i 


° u 

Si! 

3 !- .5 




Li 

w-S . 

C at) 

•Son 

p"3.S 
o.S S 


>- 
l~ !- g 

<U <L> o 

i>© 

G-3 O 


:Sg 


>- <U g 
£ £ C 

12 &© 


CO 4) • 

* S 2 

°< o 


c 


0) 
N 


3 


3 


3~ 


£ 


5 2 


> & 

D tfi 


rt a, 

T- 1 U5 >-. 


3 aj"-£ 


G CO 
3 <U 


G "^CO 

3 U 


CO 


o 






H 


tf^ 


« 


rU -rt 




£* 


P^ 


I 










9.50 


204 


6200 


10.50 


15.22 


15.75 


17.32 


5 










10 62 


200 


GS00 


10.40 


12.06 


12.48 


13.72 


G 










11.64 


196 


7300 


10.30 


9.95 


10.30 


1133 


7 










12 57 


192 


7700 


10.20 


8.45 


8.74 


9.61 


8 




If) 






13.44 


188 


8100 


10.10 


7.32 


7.57 


8.33 


9 


■<# 








14.25 


184 


8400 


10.00 


6.44 


6.66 


7.33 


10 


o 


CO 




<U 


15.02 


180 


8600 


9.80 


5.68 


5.88 


6.46 


11 


>H 









15.75 


176 


8800 


9.60 


5.06 


5.23 


5.76 


12 


1) 




CM 


B 


16.45 


172 


9000 


9.40 


4.54 


4.70 


5.17 


13 


rt 




o ' 


17.13 


168 


9000 


9.20 


4.10 


4.24 


4.67 


14 


Q 






t- 


17.77 


164 


9003 


9.00 


3 72 


3.85 


4.24 


15 




i 




18.40 


160 


9300 


8.80 


3.40 


3.52 


3.86 


16 










19. 


156 


9400 


8.60 


3.11 


3.22 


3.54 


17 










19.58 


152 


9400 


8.40 


2.86 


2.96 


3.26 


18 










20.15 


118 


9400 


8.20 


2.64 


2.73 


3.00 


19 










20.71 


144 


9400 


8.00 


2.44 


2.52 


2.77 


30 






CM 




21.24 


140 


9400 


7.80 


2.26 


2.34 


2.57 


21 










21.77 


138 


9400 


7.70 


2 12 


2.20 


2.42 


22 










22.28 


136 


9500 


7.60 


2.00 


2.07 


2.28 


23 










22. :8 


134 


9500 


7.50 


1.89 


1.95 


2.15 


24 










23.27 


132 


9600 


7.40 


1.78 


1.85 


2.03 


25 










23 75 


130 


9600 


7.30 


1.69 


1.75 


1.92 


26 










24.22 


128 


9700 


7.20 


1.60 


1.66 


1.82 


27 










24.68 


126 


9700 


7.10 


1.52 


1.57 


1.73 


28 






i-H 




25.13 


124 


9700 


7.00 


1.45 


1.50 


1.65 


2y 








25.58 


122 


9800 


6.90 


1.38 


1.42 


1.57 


30 










26.02 


120 


9800 


6.80 


1.31 


1.36 


1.49 


31 










26.45 


120 


9900 


6.80 


1.27 


1.31 


1.44 


32 








\« 


26 .87 


• 118 


10000 


6.70 


1.21 


1.25 


1.38 


33 








co 


27.29 


118 


10100 


6.70 


1.17 


1.21 


1.34 


34* 










27.70 


116 


10200 


6.60 


1.12 


1.16 


1.28 


35 










28.10 


116 


10300 


6.60 


1.09 


1.13 


1.24 


36 






r-l 




28.17 


114 


10200 


6.50 


1.04 


1.08 


1.19 


37 


<N 






28.21 


114 


10100 


6.50 


1.01 


1.05 


1.15 


38 




1) 






28.31 


112 


10000 


6.40 


.97 


1.01 


1.11 


39 


O 


•G 
u 

c 






28.38 


112 


10000 


6.40 


.95 


.98 


1.08 


40 


£ 


^ 




28.16 


110 


10000 


6.30 


.91 


.94 


1.03 


41 


Oh 


<N 






28.81 


110 


10000 


6.30 


.89 


.92 


1.01 


42 


3h 








29.16 


108 


10000 


6.20 


.85 


.88 


.97 


43- 








211.50 


108 


10000 


6.20 


.83 


.86 


.95 


44 










29.05 


106 


10000 


6.10 


.80 


.83 


.91 


45 










30.19- 


106 


10000 


6.10 


.78 


.81 


.89 


46 










30.51 


104 


10000 


6. 


.75 


.78 


.86 


47 






o 


3D. 85 


104 


10000 


6. 


.74 


.76 


.84 


48 










31.18 


102 


10000 


5.90 


.71 


.73 


.81 


49 










31.50 


102 


10000 


5.90 


.69 


.72 


.79 


50 










31.81 


100 


10000 


5.80 


.67 


.69 


.76 


55 










33.37 


96 


10000 


5.60 


.59 


.61 


.67 


60 










34 86 


92 


10000 


5.40 


.52 


.54 


.59 


65 










36.28 


88 


10000 


5.20 


.46 


.48 


.52 


70 










37.65 


84 


10000 


5. 


.41 


.42 


.47 


75 










38.97 


80 


9800 


4.80 


.37 


.38 


.42 


80 








^ 


39.08 


78 


9600 


4.70 


.34 


.35 


.38 


85 






5 


Q 


39.18 


76 


9400 


4.60 


.31 


.32 


.35 


90 








40.32 


74 


9400 


4.50 


.29 


.30 


.33 1 


95 








Irt 


41.22 


72 


9400 


4.35 


.26 


.27 


.30 1 


100 










42.50 


70 


9400 


4.20 1 


.24 


.25 1 


.27 1 



UStD BY PERMISSION OF DnAPER CO. 



SPINNING FRAMES. 



141 



TRAVELLER TABLE 

For Whitin Ring Spinning Frames with Separators. 







Warp Yarn 








Filling Yarn 




Number of 
Yarn 


CO 

c a> 

P_C 

K o 


o 
<u be 

ta 

g« ■ 

OS 

5 


£* a, 

5 os 

►? *■• 
2H 


o 

a> 5h c 


Z 1 


P, It 

.2:3 

"5.5 

« o 


o 
V fcfi 

Q 


.fl 

£ os 

3 Si 

2^ 


o 

4J rr os 

nj h G 


4 1 


| 4950 


2" 


14 


39 


4 | 


4000 


iy 2 " |' 16 


44 


6 


| 5900 




12 


33 


6 1 


4800 




36 


- 8 | 


6700 




9 


23 


8 1 


5450 




10 


26 


10 


| 7250 




8 


20 


10 i 


5950 




8 


20 


11 


| 7500 




7 


18 


11 


6150 




7 ' 


18 


12 


| 7750 




6 


16 


12 -| 


6350 




6 


16 


13 


| 7950 




6 


16 


13 


6500 




5 


14 


14 


| 8100 




5 


14 


14 


6700 




A 


13 


15 


! 8300 




4 


13 


15 


6850 




3 


12 


16 


8450 




3 


12 


16 


6950 




2 


11 


17 


8600 




2 


11 


17 


7100 




1 


10 


18 


8750 




1 


10 


18 


7200 




1-0 


9 


19 


8850 




1-0 


9 


19 


7300 




3-0 


8 


20 


8900 




2-0 


8y 2 


20" | 


7400 




5-0 


7 


21 


9050 




3-0 ' 


8 


21 


7500 




5-0 




22 


9100 




4-0 


7y 2 


22 | 


7600 




6-0 


ey 2 


23 


9150 




5-0 


7 


23 


7700 




6-0 




24 


9200 


i 


6-0 


QV 2 


24 


7800 




7-0 


6 


28 


9500 


1%" 


7-0 


6 


28 


7900 


i%" 


8-0 


5y 2 


32 


9500 




8-0 


5% 


32 


7900 




9-0 


5 


34 


9600 




9-0 


5 


34 


7900 




10-0 


4y 2 


36 


9700 




10-0 


4y 2 


36 | 


7900 




11-0 


4 


38 


9800 




11-0 


4 


38 j 


7900 




12-0 


3% 


40 


9700 


1%" 


12-0 


3% 


40 


7900 


i%" 


13-0 


3% 


45 


9700 


iy 2 " 


13-0 


3% 


45 | 


7900 




14-0 


314 


50 


9700 




14-0 


3% | 


50 


7900 




15-0 


3 


55 


9600 




14-0 




55 


7900 




15-0 




60 


9600 




15-0 


3 


60 


7900 




16-0 


2% 


65 


9600 




15-0 




65 


7800 




' 16-0 




70 


9500 




16-0 


2% 


70 \ 


7800 




17-0 


2y 2 


75 


9500 




16-0 




75 


7800 


17-0 




80 


9300 




17-0 


2y 2 


80 


7700 


| 18-0 


2% 


85 


9100 




17-0 




85 


7600 


18-0 




90 


9100 


i%" 


18-0 


2% | 


90 ' 


7400 


19-0 


2 


95 


9000 




19-0 


2 


95 


7400 


20-0 


1% 


100 


8700 




20-0 


1% 


100 


7200 


21-0 


IV2 


110 


J 8500 




21-0 


iy 2 i 


110 


6900 


22-0 


1% 



USED 3Y PERMISSION OF WHITIN MACHINE WORKS 



Sizes of Travelers will vary from the above table according to varia- 
tions in speed, quality of cotton, etc., but the table may serve as a basis to se- 
lect from. The higher the speed the lighter the traveler and vice versa, 
varying in proportion of one or two grades of travelers to each 1,000 revolu- 
tions of spindle. Without separators a few grades heavier traveler would be 
required. 



142 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS 

CHAPTER IX. 



Twisting — Counts of Ply Yarns — Amount of Twist — Twist 
Calculations and Constant — Production Calculations 
and Constant. 

Twisting is the process of combining two or more single 
threads into one by the simple act of twisting them together. The 
machine doing this is called a twister, being similar in general 
construction to the spinning frame. It does no drawing, the rolls 
being arranged to grip the yarn and feed it forward at a con- 
stant speed to the spindles, which put the twist in the yarn. The 
machines are built smaller and are run at a higher speed as the 
counts of the yarn twisted increase. They are also built to do 
wet or dry twisting, wet twisting, that is, passing the yarn 
through water just before it reaches the rolls, being used to give 
the yarn a smoother finish and less tendency to kink from the 
twist present. The use of either warp or filling wind is possible. 

The yarn, after being twisted, is spoken of as "ply" yarn, 
the word "ply" signifying that there is more than one individual 
etrand in the yarn. As the ply yarn may contain two, three or 
more strands in its make-up, it is usual to designate the number 
of such strands present, as two-ply or three-ply yarn. The most 
common is the two-ply or doubled yarn. 

The counts of ply yarns are given as the counts of the single 
yarn of which it is composed, with a figure in front indicating 
the number of threads twisted together. If two single yarns of 
40's counts are twisted together the resulting ply yarn would be 
called two forty's and expressed thus : 2/40's ; the figure 2 indicat- 
ing the number of strands in the completed yarn and 40 the size 
of the individual yarns. In calculations for the weight of goods, 
twist and production, we must consider the yarn as being 20's, as 
2 strands of 40's yarn is the equivalent in weight of a single 20's. 
In the same way 3/30's means a 3-ply yarn composed of 3 strands 
of 30's yarn and is the equivalent of a single 10's yarn. 

' There is no set or fixed rule for determining the amount of 
twist to put in twisted yarn, the exact amount depending upon the 
purpose for which the product is to be used and, as this varies to 
a very great extent, the twist will vary also. In making two-ply 
yarns for market, it is usual to twist the single yarns slacker than 
warp twist and use four as a multiplier for twist in the ply yarn. 
In filling orders it is usual for the buyer to state the amount of 
twist desired and the mill puts*. that amount in the yarn. Yarns 
for weaving are spun and twisted slacker than warp ; if for mer- 



TWISTERS. 



143 



cerizing the amount of twist is less than filling. The hardest 
twisted yarns are those intended for lace work and sewing thread, 
while the softest twisted yarns are those intended for crochet and 
embroidery yarns. 

The general rule is to spin the yarn with regular or "warp" 
twist and twist with reverse twist, that is the spindles of the 
twister will revolve in an opposite direction to those on the spin- 







y/^CK OEAf? 3&7T 



Fig. 44. Diagram of Gearing on the Fales & Jenks Twister. 



« o 



i\ 



ning frame. This is always done in making two-ply yarns", but 
is not necessarily held to in making yarns for special purposes, 
where the yarn is doubled and twisted and the ply yarns again 
twisted making a 4-ply yarn or higher. 

In calculating the amount of twist for ply yarns, the fig- 
ures are always based on its equivalent to single yarn. For illus- 
tration, the twist put in 2/50's, using 4 as a twist multiplier, 
would be as follows : 

2/50's is the equivalent of a single 25's, then : V25 x 4 = 20 
turns per inch twist in tne yarn. 



144 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS 

In the same way 3/50's would have : V 16.67 X4= 16.33 
turns of twist per inch. 

Fig. 44 shows a cut of the geared end of a twister built by 
Fales & Jenks Machine Co., Pawtucket, R. I. This type of gearing 
is similar to most twisters and consists of two front roll gears of 
112 teeth, driven by two large intermediates that are in gear 
with each other. One of the intermediates is driven by the twist 
change gear which is carried on the stud with the jack gear of 
96 teeth. The cylinder or drum gear of 30 teeth, located on the 
end of the cylinder, drives the jack gear. The roll is 1% inches 
in diameter, the cylinder 8 inches in diameter and the whorl on 
the spindle is 1 inch in diameter. The ratio of the cylinder to 
the whorl is 1 to 7.04. . 

The twist constant is found by the same method as used on 
the spinning frame. The circumference of the l 1 /? inch roll is 
4.71 inches. 

112 X 96X7.04 

= twist constant. 

4.71XXX30 

Constant -f- Gear = Ttuist per inch. 
Constant -f- Twist per inch = Gear. 

There is a large range of twist possible with this frame, and 
its construction allows the cylinder gear to be varied considerably 
without changing the size of the jack gear, the cylinder and twist 
gears being interchangeable, thus giving two or more sets of 
twists for the same set of change gears. In another model of this 
machine, using compound twist gearing, the gears being inter- 
changeable, it is possible to get almost any desired range of twist 
with but few gears carried in stock. 

Fig. 45 shows a cut of the geared end of the Hopedale twister, 
built by the Draper Co., Hopedale, Mass. This gearing is sim- 
ilar to the one just shown. In this case, however, the gear on 
the end of the drum is the change gear. The drum or twist 
change gear and the stud gear are interchangeable, the pin carry- 
ing the jack and stud gears, working in a slot in the jack gear 
arm, is movable thus allowing a change in the distance between 
gear centers which permits the using of any size drum gear 
without any change in the size of the jack gear. With this 
arrangement and a few extra gears it is possible to get almost 
any desired twist. 

With the roll IV2 inch, drum 8 inches and whorl 1 inch in 
diameter, the following gives the twist constant : 

90X120X7.04 

= 504 twist constant. • 

4.71X32XX 



TWISTERS. 145 

Constant -V Gear = Ttvist. 
Constant -=- Twist = Gear. 

Then a twist gear of 30 teeth will give 16.8 turns per inch 
twist, as follows : 504 h- 30 = 16.8. 

If the stud gear is changed we get an entirely new value 
to the train of gearing and consequently a different set of twists 
for the same twist gears. Suppose we put on a 36 tooth gear in 
place of the 32 tooth stud gear. This will have the effect of in- 
creasing the front roll speed thus decreasing the twist. We can 
then get our new constant as follows: 

Mutiply the present constant by the stud gear* on the frame 
and divide by the stud gear that is to be used. 32 x 504 -j- 36 = 
448 twist constant with 36 tooth stud gear. 

A twist gear of 30 teeth will give only 14.9 turns of twist 
instead of 16.8 as before, as : 448 -r-'30 = 14.9 turns of twist. 

This variation from the former standard will be present in 
the same proportion with all the twist gears used, so it will be 
seen how easy it is to obtain a new set of twists with the use of 
the same gears. 

PRODUCTION. 

The production of a twister depends upon the spindle speed, 
the twist in the yarn, the size of the yarn and the time lost. It 
can be figured from the size of the yarn and the roll delivery, or 
from the spindle speed, size of yarn and the twist. The 
time lost while doffing, creeling and oiling varies with the size 
of -the yarn, the amount of twist run, the number of the ply and 
the size of the bobbins made, being greatest when running the 
lower numbers of yarn. 

Example: A twister on 2/30's yarn has a front roll speed 
of 80 R. P. M. Time lost 10 per cent. Diameter of front roll 
IV2 inch." What is the production per spindle for a 10 hour day? 
Circumference of the IV2 inch roll is 4.71 inches. 

4.71X80X10X60X.9 

= .448 pounds. 

36X15X840 

In the above calculation 15 is used instead of 30 as the yarn 
after twisting is the equivalent of a single 15's yarn. 

If we consider 10 per cent to be a good fair average for loss 
of time while doffing, oiling, etc., we can see that there are only 
two variable quantities in the above production calculation, the 
speed of the roll and the size of the yarn. Now if we leave these 



146 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS 



two quantities out and work out the value of the remaining 
figures we get the production constant, as follows : 

4.71 X 10 X 60 X. 9 

= .0841 production constant. 

36X840 

If the production constant is multiplied by the roll speed ?nd 




Fig. 45. Twist Gearing on the Draper Twister. 



divided by the equivalent counts of the twisted yarn, the result 
will be the production per spindle, as follows : 

.0841X80 -^15 = .448 pounds per spindle. ' 

It will be noticed that this gives the same result as obtained 
in the first calculation. This constant only holds guod on frames 
with a IV2 inch roll and is based on a 10 hour day with a 10 per 
cent allowance for loss of time. 

When two yarns are twisted together there is a tendency for 
the yarns to contract and become shorter. This increases the 
weight of the yarn, causing it to be heavier than is expected. The 
amount of th:s contraction varies with the amount of twist put in 
both the single and the ply yarns. If two hard twisted single 



TWISTERS. 147 

yarns were doubled and twisted slack, the tendency to contract 
and become heavier might be overcome by the opposite action 
going on in the single yarns. Under most conditions there is a 
contraction of the twisted yarns and to overcome this heavying 
up of the yarn while being twisted it is usual, where accuracy is 
desired in the size of the finished yarn, to spin the single yarns a 
number or so lighter. In this case what is called 2/40's is not 
twisted from 40's yarn but from 41's or 42's single yarn. The 
amount of variation in the numbers depending upon the amount 
of contraction in twisting and this in turn depending upon the 
amount of twist in the yarns. 



148 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS 



SIZE OF TRAVELLERS. 

There can be given no rule for determining the size travellers 
to use in twisting, as they vary according to varying conditions 
of .twist, speed, size of ring and bobbin, length of traverse, etc. The 
only method of getting the exact size to use is by experimenting 
with the different numbers, finally selecting the size that seems 
to give the best results. However, below is given a table that 
will serve simply as a guide and not intended to be exact. It is 
for dry twisting two-ply yarns with 4 as a twist multiplier and 
a ring 2" for the coarser numbers and 1%" in diameter for the 
finer numbers. 



TABLE OF TRAVELLERS. 





SIZE OF YARN. 


SIZE TRAVELLER. 




10 


14's 




12 


14's 




14 


13's 




16 


12's 




18 


ll's 




20 


10's 




22 


10's 




24 


9's 




26 


8's 




28 


8's 




30 


7's 




32 


7's 




34 


6's 




36 


6's 




38 


5's 




40 


5's 




44 


4's 




46 


3's 




50 


2's 


• 


60 


1-0 




70 


3-0 




80 


6-0 




90 


9-0 




100 


11-0 




110 


14-0 




120 


16-0 









PRODUCTION TABLE 


FOR 


TWISTING 






TWO PLY PRODUCTION 


TABLE 


POUNDS PER SPINDLE 


PER WEEK OF 58 HOURS 








MULTIPLIER 2 


MULTIPLIERS 


MULTIPLIER 4 


Number 

of 

Yarn 


09 

OS 

CO 

O 


c 
be 


R.P.M. 

of 
1-1 in. 
Roll 


R.P.M. 

of 
Spindle 


Pounds 
per 

Spindle 


R.P.M. 

of 
|i in. 

Roll 


R.P.M. 

of 
Spindle 


Pounds 

per 
Spindle 


R.P.M. 
of 

|i in. 
Roll 


R.P.M. 

of 
Spindle 


Pounds 

per 
Spindle 


4 


4" 


3" 


187 


2500 


38.01 


175 


3500 


37.03 


142 


3800 


31.00 


5 




" 


1S2 


2700 


30.99 


164 


3700 


29.00 


133 


4000 


24.09 


6 




" 


ITS 


2900 


26.05 


155 


3800 


23.38 


125 


4100 


19.32 


7 




"' 


175 


3100 


22.36 


147 


3900 


19.28 


119 


4200 


15.95 


8 




" 


172 


3300 


19.53 


141 


4000 


16.39 


114 


4300 


13.49 


9 


3|" 


2i" 


169 


3400 


17.26 


137 


4100 


14.30 


110 


4400 


11.66 


io 




«« 


166 


3500 


15.40 


133 


4200 


12.61 


107 


4500 


10.29 


11 




'< 


163 


3600 


13.87 


130 


4300 


11.28 


104 


4600 


9.16 


13 




" 


160 


3700 


12.56 


127 


4400 


10.16 


102 


4700 


8.28 


13 




" 


158 


3800 


11.52 


125 


4500 


9.27 


100 


4800 


7.53 


14 




" 


156 


3900 


10.61 


123 


4600 


8.51 


98 


4900 


6.87 


15 




" 


155 


4000 


9.87 


121 


4700 


7.84 


97 


5000 


6.37 


16 


3i" 


91" 


154 


4100 


9.22 


120 


4800 


7.31 


96 


5100 


5.93 


17 






153 


4200 


8.64 


119 


4900 


6.84 


95 


5200 


5.53 


18 




" 


152 


4300 


8.13 


118 


5000 


6.42 


94 


5300 


5.18 


19 




" 


151 


4400 


7.66 


117 


5100 


6.04 


93 


5400 


4.86 


SO 




" 


150 


4500 


7.24 


116 


5200 


5.69 


92 


5500 


4.58 


22 




" 


147 


4600 


6.46 


113 


5300 


5.05 


90 


5600 


4.08 


2,4, 




" 


144 


4700 


5.82 


110 5400 


4.52 


88 


5700 


3.66 


J 26 


3" 


2" 


141 


4800 


5.27 


107 


5500 


4.07 


86 


5800 


3.31 


28 




" 


139 


4900 


4.83 


105 


5600 


3.71 


84 


5900 


3.01 


30 




" 


137 


5000 


4.46 


103 


5600 


3.41 


82 


6000 


2.74 


32 




" 


135 


5100 


4.13 


101 


5700 


3.14 


80 


6000 


2.51 


34 




" 


134 


5200 


3.86 


99 


5800 


2.90 


78 


6100 


2.31 


36 




" 


133 


5300 


3.62 


97 


5800 


2.68 


76 


6100 


2.13 


38 




" 


132 


5400 


3.41 


96 


5900 


2.52 


75 


6200 


1.99 


40 


2|" 


If" 


131 


5500 


3.22 


95 


6000 


2.37 


74 


6200 


1.87 


42 




" 


130 


5600 


3.05 


94 


6100 


2.24 


73 


6300 


1.76 


44 




" 


129 


5700 


2.89 


93 


6200 


2.11 


72 


6400 


1.66 


46 




•• 


128 


5800 


2.75 


92 


6200 


2.00 


71 


6400 


1.56 


50 




" 


126 


5900 


2.49 


90 


6300 


1.80 


69 


6500 


1.40 


55 




" 


123 


6100 


2.21 


87 


6400 


1.59 


66 


6500 


1.2'J 


60 




" 


120 


6200 


1.9S 


^4 


6500 


1.41 


64 


6600 


1.08 


65 


21" 


-16'/ 
-1-5 


117 


6300 


1.78 


82 


6600 


1.27 


62 


6700 


.97 


70 




" 


115 


6400 


1.63 


80 


6700 


1.16 


60 


6700 


.87 


75 




" 


113 


6500 


1.50 


78 6700 


1.05 


• 5S 


6700 


.79 


80 




" 


111 


6600 


1.38 


76 


6800 


.96 


57 


6800 


.73 


85 




" 








74 


6800 


.88 


56 


6900 


,67 


90 




" 








72 


6800 


.81 


55 


7000 


.62 


95 




" 








70 


6S00 


.75 


54 


7000 


.58 


lOO 


2|" 


11" 








69 


6900 


.70 


53 


7100 


.54 


HO 




14 








66 


6900 


.61 


51 


7100 


.47 


120 




" 








63 


6900 


.53 


49 


7100 


.42 


130 




(1 














47 


7100 


.37 


140 




If 














45 


7100 


.33 


150 




«« 














44 


7200 


.30 


160 




" 












1 


43 


7200 


.28 



USED BY PERMISSION OFFALES 5 JENKS MACHINE CO. 









PRODUCTION TABLE 


FOR 


TWISTING 






TWO PLY PRODUCTION 

{Continued) 


TABLE 


POUNDS PER SPINDLE 


PER WEEK OF 58 HOURS 


Number 

of 

Yarn 


a> 

bo 
3 
CO 

C9 


bo 

c 

he 


MULTIPLIER 5 


MULTIPLIER 6 


MULTIPLIER 7 


R.P.M. 

of 
1 i in. 

Roll 


R.P.M. 

of 
Spindle 


Pounds 

per 
Spindle 


R.P.M. 

of 
1 i in. 

Roll 


R.P.M. 

of 
Spindle 


Pounds 

per 
Spindle 


R.P.M. 

of 
l| in. 
Roll 


R.P.M. 

of 
Spindle 


Pounds 

per 
Spindle 


4 


4" 


3" 


120 


4000 


26.84 


102 


4100 


23.23 


90 


4200 


20.87' 


5 


ti 




111 


4100 


20.59 


94 


4200 


17.64 


82 


4300 


15.62 


6 


" 




104 


4200 


16.37 


88 


4300 


14.05 


77 


4400 


12.46 


7 


" 




98 


4300 


13.38 


83 


4400 


11.46 


73 


4500 


10.20 


8 


i t 




93 


4400 


11.21 


80 


4500 


9.73 


70 


4600 


8.61 


9 


3h" 


-*2 


90 


4500 


9.71 


77 


4600 


8.38 


67 


4700 


7.36 


io 


it 




87 


4600 


8.49 


74 


4700 


7.27 


65 


4800 


6.44 


11 


it 




85 


4700 


7.58 


72 


4800 


6.46 


63 


4900 


5.70 


13 


it 




83 


4800 


6.80 


70 


4900 


5.78 


62 


5000 


5.15 


13 


it 




81 


4900 


6.15 


69 


5000 


5.27 


61 


5100 


4.69 


14 


" 




80 


5000 


5.66 


68 


5100 


4.84 


60 


5200 


4.29 


15 


" 




79 


5100 


5.23 


67 


5200 


4.46 


59 


5300 


3.95 


16 


31" 


r>x" 


78 


5200 


4.85 


66 


5300 


4.13 


58 


5400 


3.64 


IT 


it 




77 


5300 


4.52 


65 


5400 


3.83 


57 


5500 


3.38 


18 


ti 




76 


5400 


4.22 


64 


5400 


3.57 


56 


5500 


3.13 


19 


' « 




75 


5400 


3.95 


63 


5500 


3.33 


55 


5600 


' 2.92 


20 


it 




74 


5500 


3.70 


62 


5500 


3.12 


55 


5700 


2.77 


22 


" 




72 


5600 


3.28 


61 


5700 


2.79 


54 


5900 


2.48 


24 


t I 




70 


5700 


2.93 


60 


5900 


2.52 


53 


6100 


2.23 


26 


3" 


2" 


68 


5800 


2.63 


59 


6000 


2.29 


52 


6200 


2.02 


28 


" 




67 


5900 


2.41 


58 


6100 


2.09 


51 


6300 


1.85 


SO 


" 




66 


6000 


2.22 


57 


6200 


1.92 


50 


6400 


1.69 


32 


" 




65 


6100 


2.05 


56 


6300 


1.77 


49 


6500 


1.55 


34, 


" 




64 


6200 


1.90 


55 


6400 


1.64 


48 


6500 


1.43 


36 


<< 


* <( 


63 


6300 


1.77 


54 


6500 


1.52 


47 


6600 


1.33 


38 


" 




62 


6400 


1.65 


53 


6500 


1.42 


46 


6600 


1.23 


40 


2f" 


1 3." 
-"-ft 


61 


6400 


1.55 


52 


6600 


1.32 


45 


6600 


1.15 


42 


i i 




60 


6500 


1.45 


51 


6600 


1.24 


44 


6700 


1.07 


44. 


'< 




59 


6500 


1.36 


50 


6600 


1.16 


. 43 


6700 


1.00 


46 


" 




58 


6600 


1.28 


49 


6600 


1.09 


42 


6700 


.93 


50 


" 




56 


6600 


1.14 


47 


6600 


.96 


41 


6800 


.84 


55 


" 




54 


6700 


.98 


46 


6800 


.85 


40 


6900 


.74 


60 


" " 




52 


6700 


.88 


45 


7000 


.77 


39 


7000 


.67 


65 


03» 
— 4: 


-\ 5 II 


50 


6700 


.79 


44 


7100 


.69 


38 


7100 


.60 


70 


" 




49 


6800 


.72 


43 


7200 


.63 


37 


7200 


.54 


T5 


" 




48 


6900 


.65 


42 


7300 


.57 


36 


7300 


.49 


80 


" 




47 


7000 


.60 


41 


7300 


.53 


35 


7-±00 


.45 


85 


" 




46 


7100 


.55 


40 


7400 


.48 


35 


7500 


.42 


90 


" 




45 


7100 


.51 


39 


7400 


.45 


34 


7500 


.39 


95 


i t 




44 


7100 


.47 


38 


7400 


.41 


33 


7500 


.36 


lOO 


2|" 


1 i" 
-■-2 


43 


7200 


.44 


37 


7400 


.38 


32 


7500 


.33 


HO 


( i 




41 


7200 


.38 


35 


7400 


.33 


30 


7500 


.28 


120 


" 




39 


7200 


.33 


34 


7400 


29 


29 


7500 


.25 


130 


i t 




38 


7200 


.30 














140 


" 




37 


7300 


.27 














150 


a 




36 


7300 


.25 














160 


ti 




35 


7400 


.22 















USED BY PERMISSION OF FALES & JENKS MACHINE CO. 







TWIST TABLE 


FOR TWISTING 








TWO 


PLY TWIST TABLE 


t 


No. of 
Yam 


No. of 
Twisted 


Sq. Root 
of No. of 






TWIST PER 


INCH 










Square Root Multiplied by 






to be 
Twisted 




Twisted 
Yarn 














Yarn 


ii 


2 


2i 


3 


3i 


4 


4i 


1 


.5 


.707 


1.06 


1.41 


1.77 


2.12 


2.47 


2.83 


3.18 


2 


1.0 


1.000 


1.50 


2.00 


2.50 


3.00 


3.50 


4.00 


4.50 


3 


1.5 


1.225 


1.84 


2.45 


3.06 


3.68 


4.29 


4.90 


5.51 


4> 


2.0 


1.414 


2.12 


2.83 


3.54 


4.24 


4.S5 


5.66 


6.36 


5 


2.5 


1.581 


2.37 


3.16 


3.95 


4.74 


5.53 


6.32 


7.11 


6 


3.0 


1.732 


2.60 


3.46 


4.33 


5.20 


6.06 


6.93 


7.79 


7 


3.5 


1.871 


2.81 


3.74 


4.68 


5.61 


6.55 


7.48 


8.42 


8 


4.0 


2.000 


3.00 


4.00 


5.00 


6.00 


7.00 


8.00 


9.00 


9 


4.5 


2.121 


3.18 


4.24 


5.30 


6.36 


7.42 


8.48 


9.54 


io 


5.0 


2.236 


3.35 


4.4 / 


5.59 


6.71 


7.83 


8.94 


10.06 


11 


5.5 


2.345 


3.52 


4.69 


5.86 


7.04 


8.21 


9.38 


10.55 


IS 


6.0 


2.450 


3.68 


4.90 


6.13 


7.35 


8.58 


9.80 


11.03 


13 


6.5 


2.550 


3.83 


5.10 


6.38 


7.65 


8.93 


10.20 


11.48 


14 


7.0 


2.646 


3.97 


5.29 


6.62- 


7.94 


9.26 


10.58 


11.91 


15 


7.5 


2.739 


4.11 


5.48 


6.85 


8.22 


9.59 


10.95 


12.33 


16 


8.0 


2.828 


4.24 


5.66 


7.07 


8.48 


9.90 


11.31 


12.73 


17 


8.5 


2.916 


4.37 


5.83 


7.29 


8.75 


10.21 


11.66 


13.12 


18 


9.0 


3.000 


4.50 


6.00 


7.50 


9.00 


10.50 


12.00 


13.50 


19 


9.5 


3.082 


4.62 


6.16 


7.71 


9.25 


10.79 


12.33 


13.87 


20 


10.0 


3.162 


4.74 


6.32 


7.91 


9.49 


11.07 


12.65 


14.23 


21 


10.5 


3.240 


4.86 


6.48 


8.10 


9.72 


11.34 


12.96 


14.58 


22 


11.0 


3.317 


4.98 


6.63 


8.29 


9.95 


11.61 


13.27 


14.93 


23 


11.5 


3.391 


5.09 


6.78 


8.48 


10.17 


11.87 


13.56 


15.26 


24, 


12.0 


3.464 


5.20 


6.93 


8.66 


10.39 


12.12 


13.86 


15.59 


25 


12.5 


3.536 


5.30 


7.07 


8.84 


10.61 


12.38 


14.14 


15.91 


2G 


13.0 


3.606 


5.41 


7.21 


9.02 


10.82 


12.62 


14.42 


16.23 


27 


13.5 


3.674 


5.51 


7.35 


9.19 


11.02 


12. S6 


14.70 


16.53 


28 


14.0 


3.742 


5.61 


7.48 


9.36 


11.23 


13.10 


14.97 


16.84 


29 


14. 5 


3.808 


5.71 


7.62 


9.52 


11.42 


13.33 


15.23 


17.14 


30 


15.0 


3.873 


5.81 


7.75 


9.68 


11.62 


13.56 


15.49 


17.43 


31 


15.5 


3.937 


5.91 


7.87 


9.84 


11.81 


13.78 


15.75 


17.72 


32 


16.0 


4.000 


6.00 


8.00 


10.00 


12.00. 


14.00 


16.00 


IS. 00 


33 


16.5 


4.062 


6.09 


8.12 


10.16 


12.19 


14.22 


16.25 


18.28 


34. 


17.0 


4.123 


6.18 


8.25 


10.31 


12.37 


14.43 


16.49 


18.55 


35 


17.5 


4.183 


6.27 


8.37 


10.46 


12.55 


14.64 


16.73 


18.82 


36 


18.0 


4.243 


6.36 


8.49 


10.61 


12.73 


14.85 


16.97 


19.09 


37 


18.5 


4.301 


6.45 


8.60 


10.75 


12.90 


15.05 


17.20 


19.35 


38 


19.0 


4.359 


6.54 


8.72 


10.90 


13.08 


15.26 


17.44 


19.62 


39 


. 19.5 


4.416 


6.62 


8.83 


11.04 


13.25 


15.46 


17.66 


19.87 


40 


20.0 


4.472 


6.71 


8.94 


11.18 


13.42 


15.65 


17.89 


20.12 


41 


20.5 


4.528 


6.79 


9.06 


11.32 


13.58 


15.85 


18.11 


20.37 


42 


21.0 


4.583 


6.87 


9.17 


11.46 


13.75 


16.04 


18.33 


20.62 


43 


21.5 


4.637 


6.96 


9.27 


11.59 


13.91 


16.23 


18.55 


20.87 


44. 


22.0 


4.690 


7.04 


9.38 


11.73 


14.07 


16.42 


IS. 76 


21.11 


45 


22.5 


4.743 


7.11 


9.49 


11.86 


14.23 


16.60 


13.97 


21.34 


46 


23.0 


4.796 


7.19 


9.59 


11.99 


14.39 


16.79 


19.18 


21.58 


47 


23.5 


4.848 


7.27 


9.70 


12.12 


14.54 


16.97 


19.39 


21.82 


48 


24.0 


4.899 


7.35 


9.80 


12.25 


14.70 


17.15 


IP. 60 


22.05 


49 


24.5 


4.950 


7.43 


9.90 


12.38 


14.85 


17.33 


19.80 


22.28 


50 


25.0 


5.000 


7.50 


10.00 


12.50 


15.00 


17.50 


20.00 


22.50 


51 


25.5 


5.050 


7.58 


10.10 


12.63 


15.15 


17.68 


20.20 


22.73 


52 


26.0 


5;099 


7.65 


10.20 


12.75 


15.30 


17.85 


20.40 


22.95 


53 


26.5 


5.148 


7.72 


10.30 


12. S7 


15.44 


18.02 


20.59 


23.17 


54 


27.0 


5.196 


7.79 


10.39 


12.99 


15.59 


IS. 19 


20.78 


23. 3S 


55 


27.5 


5.244 


7.87 


10.49 


13.11 


15.73 


18.35 


20.98 


23.60 


56 


2N.0 


5.292 


7.94 


10.58 


13.23 


15.88 


18.52 


21.17 


23.81 


57 


28.5 


5.339 


8.01 


10.68 


13.35 


16.02 


18.69 


21.36 


24.03 


58 


29.0 


5.385 


8.08 


10.77 


13.46 


16.16 


18.85 


21.54 


24.23 


59 


295 


5.431 


8.15 


10. S6 


13.58 


16.29 


19.01 


21.73 


24.44 


60 


30.0 


5.477 


8.22 


10.95 


13.69 


16.43 


19.17 


21.91 


24.65 



USED BY PERMISSION OF FALES S JENKS MACHINE CO. 







TWIST TABLE 


FOR TWISTING 










TWO 


PLY 


TWIST TABLE- (Continued) 




No. of 
Yarn 


No. of 
Twisted 


Sq. Root 
of No. of 


TWIST PER INCH 








Square 


Root Multiplied by 






to be 




Tuui «;tpH 














Twisted 


Yarn 


1 ulO'.CJ 

Yarn 


5 


si 


6 


6 2 


7 


7i 


8 




1 


.5 


.707 


3.54 


3.89 


4.24 


4.60 


4.95 


5.30 


5.66 




3 


1.0 


1.000 


5.00 


5.50 


6.00 


6.50 


7.00 


7.50 


8.00 




3 


1.5 


1.225 


6.13 


6.74 


7.35 


7.96 


8.58 


9.19 


9.80 




4 


2.0 


1.414 


7.07 


7.78 


8.49 


9.19 


9.90 


10.61 


11.31 




5 


2.5 


1.581 


7.91 


8.70 


9.49 


10.28 


11.07 


11.86 


12.65 




6 


3.0 


1.732 


8.66 


9.53 


5L0.39 


11.26 


12.12 


12.99 


13.86 




7 


3.5 


1.871 


9.36 


10.29 


11.22 


12.16 


13.10 


14.03 


14.97 




8 


4.0 


2.000 


10.00 


11.00 


12.00 


13.00 


14.00 


15.00 


16.00 




9 


4.5 


2.121 


10.61 


11.67 


12.73 


13.79 


14.85 


15.91 


16.97 




io 


5.0 


2.236 


11.18 


12.30 


13.42 


14.53 


15.65 


16.77 


17.89 




11 


5.5 


2.345 


11.73 


12.90 


14.07 


15.24 


16.42 


17.59 


18.76 




13 


6.0 


2.450 


12.25 


13.48 


14.70 


15.93 


17.15 


18.38 


19.60 




13 


6.5 


2.550 


12.75- 


14.03 


15.30 


16.58 


17.85 


19.13 


20.40 




14 


7.0 


2.646 


13.23 


14.55 


15.87 


17.20 


18-52 


19.85 


21.17 




15 


7.5 


2.739 


13.69 


15.06 


16.43 


17.80 


19.17 


20.54 


21.91 




16 


8.0 


2.828 


14.14 


15.55 


16.97 


18.38 


19.80 


21.21 


22.62 




17 


8.5 


2.916 


14.58 


16.04 


17.49 


18.95 


20.41 


21.87 


23.33 




18 


9.0 


3.000 


15.00 


16.50 


18.00 


19.50 


21.00 


22.50 


24.00 




19 


9.5 


3.082 


15.41 


16.95 


18.49 


20.03 


21.57 


23.12 


24.66 




30 


10.0 


3.162 


15.81 


17.39 


18.97 


20.55 


22.13 


23.72 


25.30 




31 


10.5 


3.240 


16.20 


17.82 


19.44 


21.06 


22.68 


24.30 


25.92 




33 


11.0 


3.317 


16.58 


IS. 24 


19.90 


21.56 


23.22 


24.88 


26.54 




33 


11.5 


3.391 


16.96 


18.65 


20.35 


22.04 


23.74 


25.43 


27.13 




34 


12.0 


3.464 


17.32 


19.05 


20.78 


22.52 


24.25 


25.98 


27.71 




35 


12.5 


3.536 


17.68 


19.45 


21.21 


22.98 


24.75 


26.52 


28.29 




36 


13.0 


3.606 


18.03 


19.83 


21.63 


23.44 


25.24 


27.05 


28.85 




37 


13.5 


3.674 


18.37 


20.21 


22.05 


23.88 


25.72 


27.56 


29.39 




38 


14.0 


3.742 


18.71 


20.58 


22.45 


24.32 


26.19 


28.07 


29.94 




39 


14.5 


3.808 


19.04 


20.94 


22.85 


24.75 


26.66 


28.56 


30.46 




30 


15.0 


3.873 


19.37 


21.30 


23.24 


25.17 


27.11 


29.05 


30.98 




31 


15.5 


3.937 


19.69 


21.65 


23.62 


25.59 


27.56 


29.53 


31.50 




33 


16.0 


4.000 


20.00 


22.00 


24.00 


26.00 


28.00 


30.00 


32.00 




33 


16.5 


4.062 


20.31 


22.34 


24.37 


26.40 


28.43 


30.47 


32^.50 




34. 


17.0 


4.123 


20.62 


22.68 


24.74 


26.80 


28.86 


30.92 


32.98 




35 


17.5 


4.183 


20.92 


23.01 


25.10 


27.19 


29.28 


31.37 


33.46 




36 


18.0 


4.243 


21.21 


23.34 


25.46 


27.58 


29.70 


31.82 


33.94 




37 


18.5 


4.301 


21.51 


23.66 


25.81 


27.96 


30.11 


32.26 


34.41 




38 


19.0 


4.359 


21.80 


23.97 


26.15 


28.33 


30.51 


32.69 


34.87 




39 


19.5 


4.416 


22.08 


24.29 


26.50 


28.70 


30.91 


33.12 


35.33 




40 


20.0 


4.472 


22.36 


24.60 


26.83 


29.07 


31.30 


33.54 


35.78 




41 


20.5 


4.528 


22.64 


24.90 


27.17 


29.43 


31.70 


33.96 


36.22 




43 


21.0 


4.583 


22.91 


25.21 


27.50 


29.79 


32.08 


34.37 


36.66 




43 


21.5 


4.637 


23.19 


25.50 


27.82 


30.14 


32.46 


34.78 


37.10 




44 


22.0 


4.690 


23.45 


25.80 


28.14 


30.49 


32.83 


35.18 


37.52 




45 


22.5 


4.743 


23.72 


26.09 


28.46 


30.83 


33.20 


35.57 


37.94 




46 


23.0 


4.796 


23.98 


26.38 


28.77 


31.17 


33.57 


35.97 


38.37 




47 


23.5 


4.848 


24.24 


26.66 


29.09 


31.51 


33.94 


36.36 


38.78 




48 


24.0 


4.899 


24.49 


26.94 


29.39 


31.84 


34 29 


36.74 


39.19 




49 


24.5 


4.950 


24.75 


27.23 


29.70 


32.18 


34.65 


37.13 


39.60 




50 


25.0 


5.000 


25.00 


27.50 


30.00 


32.50 


35.00 


37.50 


40.00 




51 


25.5 


5.050 


25.25 


27.78 


30.30 


32.83 


35.35 


37.88 


40.40 




53 


26.0 


5.099 


25.50 


28.04 


30.59 


33.14 


35.69 


38.24 


40.79 




53 


26.5 


5.148 


25.74 


28.31 


30.89 


33.46 


36.04 


38.61 


41.18 




54 


27.0 


5.196 


25.98 


28.58 


31.18 


33.77 


36.37 


38.97 


41.57 




55 


27.5 


5.244 


26.22 


28.84 


31.46 


34.09 


36.71 


39.33 


41.95 




56 


28.0 


5.292 


26.46 


29.11 


31.75 


34.40 


37.04 


39.69 


42.34 




57 


28.5 


5.339 


26.69 


29.36 


32.03 


34.70 


37.37 


40.04 


42.71 




58 


29.0 


5.385 


26.93 


29.62 


32.31 


35.00 


37.70 


40.39 


43.08 




59 


29.5 


5.431 


27.16 


29.87 


32.59 


35.30 


38.02 


40.73 


43.45 




60 


30.0 


5.477 


27.39 


30.12 


32.86 


35.60 


38.34 


41.08 


43.82 





USED BY PERMISSION OF FALES & JEN KS MACHINE CO, 







TWIST TABLE 


FOR TWISTING 








TWO PLY TWIST TABLE <c<m»^ 




No. of 
Yarn 


No. of 
Twisted 


Sq. Root 
of No. of 


TWIST PER INCH 




Square Root Multiplied by 






to be 
Twisted 




Twisted 
Yarn 








Yarn 


4 


4i 


5 


5i 


6 


K-L 
fc>2 


7 




61 


30.5 


5.523 


22.09 


24.85 


27.61 


30.38 


33.14 


35.90 


38.66 




62 


31.0 


5.568 


22.27 


25.06 


27.84 


30.62 


33.41 


36.19 


38.98 




63 


31.5 


5.613 


22.45 


25.26 


28.06 


30.87 


33.67 


36.48 


39.29 




64, 


32.0 


5.657 


22.63 


25.46 


2S.28 


31.11 


33.94 


36.77 


39.60 




65 


32.5 


5.701 


22.80 


25.65 


28.50 


31.36 


34.21 


37.06 


39.91 




6G 


33.0 


5.745 


22.98 


25. S5 


28.72 


31.60 


34.47 


37.34 


40.22 




67 


33.5 


5.78S 


23.15 


26.05 


28.94 


31.83 


34.73 


37.62 


40.52 




68 


34.0 


5.831 


23.32 


26.24 


29.15 


32.07 


34.99 


37.90 


40.82 




69 


34.5 


5.874 


23.50 


26.43 


29.37 


32.31 


35.24 


38.18 


41.12 




70 


35.0 


5.916 


23.66 


26.62 


29.58 


32.54 


35.50 


38.45 


41.41 




71 


35.5 


5.958 


23.83 


26.81 


29.79 


32.77 


35.75 


38.73 


41.71 




72 


36.0 


6.000 


24.00 


27.00 


30.00 


33.00 


36.00 


39.00 


42.00 




73 


36.5 


6.042 


24.17 


27.19 


30.21 


33.23 


36.25 


39.27 


42.29 




74, 


37.0 


6.083 


24.33 


27.37 


30.41 


33.46 


36.50 


39.54 


42.58 




75 


37.5 


6.124 


24.50 


27.56 


30.62 


33.68 


36.74 


39.81 


42.87 




76 


38.0 


6.164 


24.66 


27.74 


30.82 


33.90 


36.99 


40.07 


43.15 




77 


38.5 


6.205 


24.82 


27.92 


31.02 


34.13 


37.23 


40.33 


43.44 




78 


39.0 


6.245 


24.98 


28.10 


31.22 


34.35 


37.47 


40.59 


43.72 




79 


39.5 


6.285 


25.14 


28.28 


31.42 


34.57 


37.71 


40.85 


44.00 




80 


40.0 


6.325 


25.30 


28.46 


31.62 


34.79 


37.95 


41.11 


44.28 




81 


40.5 


6.364 


25.46 


28.64 


31.82 


35.00 


38.18 


41.37 


44.55 




82 


41.0 


6.403 


25.61 


28.81 


32.02 


35.22 


38.42 


41.62 


44.82 




83 


41.5 


6.442 


25.77 


28.99 


32.21 


35.43 


38.65 


41.87 


45.09 




84 


42.0 


6.481 


25.92 


29.16 


32.41 


35.65 


38.88 


42.13 


45.37 




85 


42.5 


6.519 


26.08 


29.34 


32.60 


35.85 


39.11 


42.37 


45.63 




86 


43.0 


6.557 


26.23 


29.51 


32.79 


36.06 


39.34 


42.62 


45.90 




87 


43.5 


6.596 


26.38 


29.68 


32.98 


36.28 


39.57 


42.87 


46.17 




88 


44.0 


6.633 


26.53 


29.85 


33.17 


36.48 


39.80 


43.11 


46.43 




89 


44.5 


6.671 


26.68 


30.02 


33.35 


36.69 


40.02 


43.36 


46.70 




90 


45.0 


6.708 


26.83 


30.19 


33.54 


36.89 


40.25 


43.60 


46.96 




91 


45.5 


6.745 


26.98 


30.35 


33.73 


37.10 


40.47 


43.84 


47.22 




92 


46.0 


6.782 


27.13 


30.52 


33.91 


37.30 


40.69 


44.08 


47.47 




93 


46.5 


6.819 


27.28 


30.69 


34.10 


37.50 


40.91 


44.32 


47.73 




94. 


47.0 


6.856 


27.42 


30.85 


34.28 


37.71 


41.13 


44.56 


47.99 




95 


47.5 


6.892 


27.57 


31.01 


34.46 


37.91 


41.35 


44. SO 


48.24 




96 


48.0 


6.928 


27.71 


31.18 


34.64 


38.10 


41.57 


45.03 


48.50 




97 


48.5 


6.964 


27.86 


31.34 


34.82 


38.30 


41.79 


45.27 


48.75 




98 


49.0 


7.000 


28.00 


31.50 


35.00 


38.50 


42.00 


45.50 


49.00 




99 


49.5 


7.036 


28.14 


31.66 


35.18 


38.70 


42.21 


45.73 


49.25 




lOO 


50.0 


7.071 


28.28 


31.82 


35.36 


3S.89 


42.43 


45.96 


49.50 




lOl 


50.5 


7.106 


28.42 


31.98 


35.53 


39.08 


42.64 


46.19 


49.74 




102 


51.0 


7.141 


28.56 


32.13 


35.70 


39.28 


42.85 


46.42 


49.99 




103 


51.5 


7.176 


28.70 


32.29 


35.88 


39.47 


43.06 


46.64 


50.23 




104 


52.0 


7.211 


28.84 


32.45 


36.06 


39.66 


43.27 


46.87 


50.48 




105 


52.5 


7.246 


28.98 


32.61 


36.23 


39.85 


43.47 


47.10 


50.72 




106 


53.0 


7.280 


29.12 


32.76 


36.40 


40.04 


43. 6S 


47.32 


50.96 




107 


53.5 


7.314 


29.26 


32.91 


36.57 


40.23 


43.89 


47.54 


51.20 




108 


54.0 


7.349 


29.40 


33.07 


36.74 


40.42 


44.09 


47.77 


51.44 




109 


54.5 


7.382 


29.53 


33.22 


36.91 


40.60 


44.29 


47.98 


51.67 




HO 


55.0 


7.416 


29.66 


33.37 


37.08 


40.79 


44.50 


48.20 


51.91 




111 


55.5 - 


7.450 


29. SO 


33.53 


37.25 


40.98 


44.70 


4S.43 


52.15 




112 


56.0 


7.483 


29.D3 


33.67 


37.42 


41.16 


44.90 


48.64 


52.38 




113 


56.5 


7.517 


30.07 


33.83 


37.58 


41.34 


45.10 


48.86 


52.62 




114, 


57.0 


7.550 


30.20 


33.98 


37.75 


41.53 


45.30 


49.08 


52.85 




115 


57.5 


7.583 


30.33 


34.12 


37.91 


41.71 


45.50 


49.29 


53.08 




116 


58.0 


7.616 


30.46 


34.27 


38.08 


41.89 


45.69 


49.50 


53.31 




117 


58.5 


7.649 


30.60 


34.42 


38.24 


42.07 


45.89 


49.72 


53.54 




118 


59.0 


7.681 


30.72 


34.56 


38.41 


42.25 


46.09 


49.93 


53.77 




119 


59.5 


7.714 


30. S 6 


34.71 


38.57 


42.43 


46. 2 8 


50.14 


54.00 




120 


60.0 


7.746 


30.98 


34.86 


38.73 


42.60 


46.48 


50.35 


54.22 





USED BY PERMISSION OF FALES & JENKS MACHINE CO. 



TWIST TABLE FOR TWISTING 



TWO PLY TWIST TABLE^MtN*) 


No. of 
Yarn 


No. of 


Sq. Root 
of No. of 


TWIST PER INCH 






4 




Twisted 






Square Root Multiplied by 




to be 
Twisted 




Twisted 








Yarn 


Yam 


4 


4i 


5 


54 


6 


ei 


7 


121 


60.5 


7.778 


31.11 


35.00 


38.89 


42.78 


46.67 


50.56 


54.45 


123 


61.0 


7.810 


31.24 


35.15 


39.05 


42.96 


46.86 


50.77 


54.67 


123 


61.5 


7.842 


31.37 


35.29 


39.21 


43.13 


47.05 


50.97 


54.89 


124. 


62.0 


7.874 


31.50 


35.43 


39.37 


43.31 


47.24 


51.18 


55.12 


125 


62.5 


7.906 


31.62 


35.58 


39.53 


43.48 


47.43 


51.39 


55.34 


126 


63.0 


7.937 


31.75 


35.72 


39.69 


43.65 


47.62 


51.59 


55.56 


127 


63.5 


7.969 


31.88 


35.86 


39.84 


43.83 


47.81 


51.80 


55.78 


128 


64.0 


8.000 


32.00 


36.00 


40.00 


44.00 


48.00 


52.00 


56.00 


129 


64.5 


8.031 


32.12 


36.14 


40.16 


44.17 


48.19 


52.20 


56.22 


130 


65.0 


8.062 


32.25 


36.28 


40.31 


44.34 


48.37 


52.40 


56.43 


131 


65.5 


8.093 


32.37 


36.42 


40.47 


44.51 


48.56 


52.60 


56.65 


132 


66.0 


8.124 


32.50 


36.56 


40.62 


44.68 


48.74 


52.81 


56.87 


133 


66.5 


8.155 


32.62 


36.70 


40.77 


44.85 


48.93 


53.01 


57.09 


134, 


67.0 


8.185 


32.74 


36.83 


40.93 


45.02 


49.11 


53.20 


57.30 


135 


67.5 


8.216 


32.86 


36.97 


41.08 


45.19 


49.30 


53.40 


57.51 


136 


68.0 


8.246 


32.98 


37.11 


41.23 


45.35 


49.48 


53.60 


57.72 


137 


68.5 


8.277 


33.11 


37.25 


41.38 


45.52 


49.66 


53.80 


57.94 


138 


69,0 


8.307 


33.23 


37.38 


41.53 


45.69 


49.84 


54.00 


58.15 


139 


69.5 


8.337 


33.35 


37.52 


41.68 


45.85 


50.02 


54.19 


58.36 


140 


70.0 


8.367 


33.47 


37.65 


41.83 


46.02 


50.20 


54.39 


58.57 


141 


70.5 


8.396 


33.58 


37.78 


41.98 


46.18 


50.38 


54.57 


58.77 


142 


71.0 


8.426 33.70 


37.92 


42.13 


46.34 


50.56 


54.77 


58.98 


143 


71.5 


8.456 33.82 


38.05 


42.28 


46.51 


50.73 


54.96 


59.19 


144 


72.0 


8.485 


33.94 


38.18 


42.43 


46.67 


50.91 


55.15 


59.40 


145 


72.5 


8.515 


34.06 


38.32 


42.58 


46.83 


51.09 


55.35 


59.61 


146 


73.0 


8.544 


34.18 


38.45 


42.72 


46.99 


51.26 


55.54 


59.81 


147 


73.5 


8.573 


34.29 


38.58 


42.87 


47.15 


51.44 


55.72 


60.01 


148 


74.0 


8.602 


34.41 


38.71 


43.01 


47.31 


51.61 


55.91 


60.21 


149 


74.5 


8.631 


34.52 


38.84 


43.16 


47.47 


51.79 


56.10 


60.42 


150 


75.0 


8.660 


34.64 


38.97 


43.30 


47.63 


51.96 


56.29 


60.62 


151 


7~>. 5 


8.689 


34.76 


39.10 


43.45 


47.79 


52.13 


56.48 


60.82 


152 


76.0 


8.718 


34.87 


39.23 


43.59 


47.95 


52.31 


56.67 


61.03 


153 


76.5 


8.746 


34.98 


39.36 


43.73 


48.10 


52.48 


56.85 


61.22 


154 


77.0 


8.775 


35.10 


39.49 


43.88 


48.26 


52.65 


57.04 


61.43 


155 


77.5 


8.803 


35.21 


39.61 


44.02 


48.42 


52.82 


57.22 


6i;62 


156 


78.0 


8.832 


35.33 


39.74 


44.16 


48.58 


52.99 


57.41 


61.82 


157 


78.5 


8.860 


35.44 


39.87 


44.30 


48.73 


53.16 


57.59 


62.02 


158 


79.0 


8.888 


35.55 


40.00 


4.4,_4.4. 


48.88 


53.33 


57.77 


62.22 


159 


79.5 


8.916 


35.66 


40.12 


44.58 


49.04 


53.50 


57.95 


62.41 


160 


80.0 


8.944 


35.78 


40.25 


44.72 


49.19 


53.66 


58.14 


62.61 


161 


80.5 


8.972 


35.89 


40.37 


44.86 


49.35 


53.83 


58.32 


62.80 


162 


81.0 


9.000 


36.00 


40.50 


45.00 


49.50 


54.00 


58.50 


63.00 


163 


81.5 


9.028 


36.11 


40.63 


45.14 


49.65 


54.17 


58.68 


63.20 


164 


82.0 


9.055 


36.22 


40.75 


45.28 


49.80 


54.33 


58.86 


63.39 


165 


82.5 


9.083 


36.33 


40.87 


45.42 


49.96 


54.50 


59.04 


63.58 


166 


83.0 


9.110 


36.44 


41.00 


45.55 


50.11 


54.66 


59.22 


63.77 


167 


83.5 


9.138 


36.55 


41.12 


45.69 


50.26 


54.83 


59.40 


63.97 


168 


S4.0 


9.165 


36.66 


41.24 


45.83 


50.41 


54.99 


59.57 


64.16 


169 


84.5 


9.192 


36.77 


41.36 


45.96 


50.56 


55.15 


59.75 


64.34 


170 


85.0 


9.220 


36.88 


41.49 


46.10 


50.71 


55.32 


59.93 


64.54 


171 


85.5 


9.247 


36.99 


41.61 


46.24 


50.86 


55.48 


60.11 


64.73 


172 


S6.0 


9.274 


37.10 


41.73 


46.37 


51.01 


55.64 


60.28 


64.92 


173 


86.5 


9.301 


37.20 


41.85 


46.51 


51.16 


55.81 


60.46 


65.11 


174 


87.0 


9.327 


37.31 


41.97 


46.64 


51.30 


55.96 


60.63 


65.29 


175 


87.5 


9.354 


37.42 


42.09 


46.77 


51.45 


56.12 


60.80 


65.48 


176 


88.0 


9.381 


37.52 


42.21 


46.91 


51.60 


56.29 


60.98 


65.67 


177 


88.5 


9.407 


37.63 


42.33 


47.04 


51.74 


56.44 


61.15 


65.85 


178 


89.0 


9.434 


37.74 


42.45 


47.17 


51.89 


56.60 


61.32 


66.04 


179 


89.5 


9.460 


37.84 


42.57 


47.30 


52.03 


56.76 


61.49 


66.22 


180 


90.0 


9.487 


37.95 


42.69 


47.44 


52.18 


56.92 


61.67 


66.41 



USED BY PERMISSION OFFALES & JENKS MACHINE CO. 



ORGANIZATION SHEETS. 155 

CHAPTER X. 



Organization — Draft Production — Program of Drafts, 
Weights and Numbers — Machinery Equipment — Number 
of Looms. 

draft proportioning. 

To one who has had considerable experience in the mill in 
working drafts, speeds, etc., on various sizes of yarn, the question 
of what size sliver to run on drawing to produce a given size of 
yarn, with good drafts on the intervening frames, is easily settled. 
To the beginner this is often puzzling and hard to figure out. To 
either, determining the exact amount of draft to give each 
machine, so as to have no unusual drafts at any point, is not 
always settled so easily, therefore, the following rules and ex- 
ample will be useful to some. 

The total draft, betiveen any two points in the processes of 
yarn manufacture, is the product of all the intermediate drafts 
occurring betiveen these points. 

Taking the following, as good average drafts for the frames 
given: Slubber, 4; Intermediate, 5; Fine Frame, 6; Spinning, 
10.5; we see that the total draft on the above four machines is 
1.260. Now, if any contemplated lay-out calls for a total draft 
between these points inclusive, that is greater than 1,260, the 
resulting intermediate drafts will necessarily be larger than the 
above figures and the reverse is also true. 

If it is proposed to spin any given counts of yarn from any 
given weight of sliver, it is easy to determine the total draft 
necessary, by the following method: 

First. Reduce the grain sliver to hank sliver, by the follow- 
ing rule: 

Divide 8.33 by the weight of one yard of sliver, in grains. 
Second. Find the total draft, by the following rule: 
Multiply the counts of the yarn to be spun by all the doub- 
lings on the frames and divide the product by the hank sliver. 

From the above, it will be easy to determine, for any given 
contemplated lay-out, whether the intermediate drafts will be 
higher or lower than the average. 

Example: Suppose it is desired to spin 30's yarn from a 50 
grain sliver on the back of the slubber, using three fly frames 
and double roving on the spinning frame. 

8.33 -T- 50 = .166 hank sliver. 



156 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS 

30X2X2X2 

= 1,445 total draft. 



.166 

It will immediately be seen from this that the drafts on the 
four frames will be above the normal figures given. 

The effective draft is the amount of draft that would be re- 
quired to reduce the sliver to the desired size of yarn, if there 
■were no doublings, or it is the number of yards of yarn spun on 
the spinning frame for each one yard of sliver fed into the back 
of the slubber. If it is desired to find the effective draft, this can 
be done by dividing the total draft by the product of the doublings. 

Take the conditions above and the effective draft is as 
follows : 

1445 
= 180 effective draft. 



2X2X2 

> Now, the hank sliver multiplied by the effective draft will 
give the counts of the yarn spun : 

180 X .166 = 29.88 or 30's yarn. 

i The effective draft can be easiest found by dividing the 
counts of the yarn spun by the hank sliver, as follows: 

30 ~ .166 = 180 effective draft. 

You can figure the weight of the sliver to run to give any 
desired counts of yarn, using the above named average drafts 
for the four 'frames, by transposing the rule for getting the total 
draft. The rule will now read as follows: 

Multiply the desired counts by all the doublings and divide 
the product by 1,260, which is the total draft corresponding to 
the average drafts named. The result will be the hank sliver. 
Dividing 8.33 by the hank sliver will give the tv eight of the sliver. 

The above results can be duplicated by figuring from the 
weights of the material instead of using hanks. 

Having selected 4, 5, 6 and 10.5 as the average, normal 
drafts for the four frames, we can distribute, or divide, the total 
draft of 1,445 among the four frames, considering the above 
figures as the ratios for the frames given, by the following rule : 

Multiply the fourth root of the total draft to be divided by 
any ratio and divide the product by the fourth root of the product 
of the ratios. The result will be the draft for the frame, accord- 
ing to which ratio is used. 

This rule can be expressed in a formula which will show 
more clearly the steps taken: 



ORGANIZATION SHEETS. 157 

4 

V Total draft x ratio 
= draft for frame. 

4 

V Product of ratios 

Note. — The fourth root of any number is obtained by get- 
ting the square root of the number and then extracting the 
square root of this root. 

The product of the ratios is : 

4X5X6X10.5 =1260. 

The fourth root of 1,260 == 5.95. 
The total draft, as found above, is 1,445. 
The fourth root of 1,445 = 6.16. 

Using the ratio of 10.5 for the spinning frame, we get the 
spinning draft as follows: 

6.16X10.5 

= 10.87 spinning draft. 

5.95 

For the fine frame: 

6.16X6 



= 6.21 fine frame draft. 



5.95 

For the intermediate: 

6.16X5 

= 5.18 intermediate draft. 



5.95 
For the slubber: 

6.16X4 



= 4.14 slubber draft. 



5.95 



Multiplying these four drafts together gives a total draft of 
1,447, which is only two points variation from the 1,445 started 
with. 

It will be seen from this that, where the total draft is in 
excess of 1,260, this excess will be proportionately distributed 
between the four intermediate drafts and will show no exces- 
sively high drafts. Herein lies the advantage in using this rule 
to map out the drafts where there is no severe restrictions in the 
matter. If the total draft were lower all the intermediate drafts 
would be lower. Another point gained by using the above method 
is that in no case will the result show an excessive draft on one 
or more frames and low drafts on tne others. In other words, 



158 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS 

when the total draft is high, all the drafts will be high and when 
the total draft is low, all the drafts will be low. 

The numbers 4, 5, 6 and 10.5, are not arbitrarily fixed, 
where more or less draft is considered advisable on any of the 
frames, the ratio for that frame can be altered and not destroy 
the efficiency of the rule. 

In running low numbers of yarn, the intermediate frame 
not being used, the rule will apply if the ratio 5 is thrown out and 
the cube root substituted for the fourth root. If using single 
roving in the spinning, with two or three fly frames, change the 
ratio of 10.5 to 7.5 or 8 and modify the formula to suit the num- 
ber of fly frames used. 

ORGANIZATION SHEET. 

In estimating an organization sheet or working program of 
drafts, weights, speeds, productions and number of machines for 
a cotton mill, several important points have to be dealt with. 

In planning for a new mill the question of capacity and num- 
ber of machines is not very difficult, but, in planning for an old 
mill, the most desirable combinations of drafts, doublings and 
speeds have sometimes to be abandoned and a less satisfactory 
arrangement resorted to in order to increase the production of 
some one class of machines to enable them to keep up with the 
process ahead and, thus, increase the total production. 

There is considerable range to drafts, weights and speeds on 
all classes of mill machinery and there are probably no two mills 
on the same class of goods that have identically the same pro- 
gram all through the different processes. 

Aside from the capacity and proportions of the machines 
available, the most important considerations are the numbers and 
qualities of the yarns made and the uses to which they are to be 
put. The finest numbers of yarn and the better qualities of 
hosiery yarns demand a long combed stock and a large number 
of doublings. Coarse yarns for weaving do not require such 
stock and the number of doublings is decreased. All yarns for 
knitting, where the best quality is desired, should be spun from 
combed stock using the mule, with double roving and slack twist, 
as this tends to greater evenness, smoothness and regularity 
and gives the softest feel to the yarn. 

There is a very great diversity of opinion in regard to the 
use of single roving. Many mills on print cloth, using 28's warp 
and 32's filling, spin both from single roving; some spin both 
from double roving, and others use double roving on warp, on 
account of the added strength, and single roving on filling. If 
evenness is desired in coarse yarns, double roving is often used 



ORGANIZATION SHEETS. 159 

and also in some cases to save making roving of a different size. 
As filling does not require so much strength as warp, it is often 
spun from single roving and the warp, of about same size or 
coarser, is spun from double roving. / 

In spinning 20's and under the intermediate roving frame is 
often thrown out and longer drafts used, while for finer yarns, say 
60's ?^d ovpr. a fourth rovmo* frame is used. 

It is always desirable to have as few sizes of rovine- as pos- 
sible in making yarns of different numbers, and it often haonens 
in mills making a range of numbers, that longer and shorter 
drafts than are customary are used. The amount of draft at 
the various machines also depends unon the stock being used. 
Long stable cotton will admit of more draft than short staple 
cotton, and as a rule the draft increases as the bulk decreases. 
In figuring a program where there are no severe limitations, 
average drafts in each case would be assumed, varying these 
slightly to brine the roving* to standard sizes, remembering that, 
within reasonable limits, the heavier the sliver and the ravings 
and th<* longer the drafts, the smaller the amount of machinery 
necessary to produce the required amount of roving. 

It is not possible to follow a program of weights and num- 
bers exactly, but where any degree of care and accuracy is taken 
in workinp* it out, the actual results obtained will not vary greatly 
from the figured program. 

The method employed to proportion the different machines 
for a mill to each other is a simple matter. The production of 
a spinnincr snindle is usually taken as the b^sis of calculation and 
all the other machinery is laid out with direct reference to it. 
The productions of the different machines, under varying work- 
ing conditions of speed and weight of material delivered, can 
be gotten from the catalogs issued by the machine bu^ldprs and 
will be found useful and save the time and trouble necessary 
to work them out, yet, at the same time, we ought to be able to 
do this work for ourselves and understand the methods employ- 
ed in getting the results. 

PROGRAM OF WEIGHTS, DRAFTS AND NUMBERS. 

Assume a mill of 10,000 spindles, making 22's yarn for the 
market and work out a program of weights,- numbers, drafts and 
machinery, or organization sheet. 

We will have to first work out the program for drafts, weights 
and numbers for the different processes. The drafts, assuming 
that a 50 grain sliver will be used at the back of the slubber, 
worked out by the rule given above, are found to be as follows : 
Spinning, 10.05; fine, 5.74; intermediate, 4.79; slubber, 3.83. 



160 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS 

You will, notice that all these drafts are low, which shows that 
a heavier sliver could easily be substituted for the one taken 
and then not have excessive drafts. 

120 yards of 22's yarn weigh 45.45 grains. As the yarn 
contracts and becomes heavier while being twisted, we must 
allow for this contraction and estimate the weight before it is 
twisted or just as it leaves the drawing rolls. This contraction 
is about 3%, then: 

45,45-^1.03 = 44,12 grs. wt. before twisting. 
Draft of spinning frame 10.05. Double 2. 

44.12X10.05 

= 221.7 grs. wt. 120 yds. fine roving. 

2 

221.7-5-10 = 22.17 grs. wt 12 yds. fine roving = 4.5 H. R. 
Draft of fine frame 5.74. Double 2. 

22.17X5.74 

— : = 63.63 grs. wt. of 12 yards of intermediate roving = 



2 [1.57 or 1.6 H. R. 

Draft of intermediate 4.79. Double 2. 

63.63X4.79 



152.39 grs. wt. of 12 yds, of slubber roving = .66 H. R. 



2 

Draft of slubber 3.83. No doublings. 

152.39X3.83 

= 48.6 or 49 grs. wt. of 1 yd. sliver on back of slubber. 

12 - 

Draft of drawing frame 6. Double 6. 

This does not change the weight of the sliver, hence the 
card sliver will weigh 49 grs. per yard. 

Draft of card 100. Allow for 5% waste. 

49X100 

= 11.2 oz. lap from the finisher pickers. 

.95X437.5 

This lap is too light and could easily be made heavier by 
using more draft on the fly frames and spinning frame, thus call- 
ing for a heavier card sliver. 

MACHINERY EQUIPMENT. 

Having worked out a suitable program of weights and 
drafts, the next step is to estimate the production required at 
each stage of the operation. In getting these figures we must 
allow a certain percentage at the different machines for waste 
and stoppages. It would be impossible to produce the same num- 



ORGANIZATION SHEETS. 161 

her of pounds of yarn as there were pounds of card sliver, as 
every frame the material passes through makes some waste, due 
to breakages, etc., hence it is imperative to start with more 
pounds of cotton than the required number of pounds of yarn. 
After this allowance in the production is made there should be a 
certain allowance at each process for loss of time while doffing, 
oiling, etc. These amounts vary with different machines and 
also with the same machine on different classes of work. It 
is not possible to make a fixed allowance for each operation, but 
a fair average can be estimated from actual results. After this 
average allowance has been provided for any discrepancy in pro- 
duction can be easily overcome by raising or lowering the speeds 
where needed. 

It is not the best policy to use extra large machines in spin- 
ning and roving or very small ones. In the former case the loss 
of time while doffing, etc., is increased, and in the latter the 
cost of production is increased. It is not well to use excessive 
speeds anywhere as, by so doing, the quality of the product is 
impaired and the percentage of breakages increased, thus in- 
creasing the time lost and the percentage of waste made. 

In getting the figures which follow it has been endeavored 
to strike a good average all the way through, without excessive 
speeds or production, which will give a good, smooth, strong yarn 
at the spinning with the minimum of stoppages and waste. 

SPINNING SPINDLES. 

Speed of spindles 9,500 R. P. M. Time run 10 hours per 
day. Allow for 10% loss of time. Product on constant, under 
above conditions, is 169.65. 

V22 X 4.75 = 22.28 turns of twist. 

169.65 

= .34 lbs. per spindle per day. 

22.28X22 

Total spindles in the mill 10,000, then: 

1 0,000 X. 34 = 3,400 lbs.of yarn per day produced by the mill. 

Using 208 spindles per frame, we get: 

„ 10,000 -5- 208 = 48 frames. 

This figures 16 spindles short but is not enough to be con- 
sidered. 

FINE FRAME. 

The waste between the fine frame and yarn will probably 
not run much over 2% and the time allowed for stoppages, for 



162 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS 

oiling, doffing, piecing-up, etc., should not exceed 15%, so, in 
order to get a production of roving sufficient to keep the spindles 
running, we must make these two allowances and figure, in one 
case, for a 2% heavier production and, in the other case, for a 
15% loss of time on the frames. 

Spindle production 3,400 lbs. 

3,400 X 1.02 = 3,468 lbs. roving required from fine frames to 
keep spindles running. Speed of flyer 1,200 K. P. M. Size of 
bobbin 7 x 3 1 /) inches. Hank roving 4.5. Twist per inch in the 
roving is V4.5 X 1.2 = 2.54 turns. Loss of time 15%. Diameter 
of front roll i%". Production constant, based on above is 20.24. 

Then: 20.24 

= 1.77 lbs. per spindle. 

2.54X4.5 

And 3,468 -f- 1.77 = 1,959 spindles. 

Allowing 160 spindles to a frame, we get : 
1,959 -4- 160 = 12 frames. 

This figures 39 spindles short and this shortage can be made 
up by getting 4 frames of 168 spindles each instead of all having 
160 spindles- 

INTERMEDIATE FRAMES. 

Spindle production 3,400. Allow 4% for waste of material 
between the intermediate roving and yarn, then : 3,400 X 1-04 = 
3,536 lbs. of roving required from the intermediate swindles. 

Speed of- flyer 950 R. P. M. Size of bobbin 9 X 41/2 inches. 
Hank roving 1.6. Twist in the roving is V1.6 X 1.2 = 1.52 turns. 
Loss of time 18%. Front roll 1%" in diameter. Production con- 
stant, based on above conditions, is 15.45. 

Then: 15.45 

= 6.35 lbs. per spindle. 

1.52X1.6 

And: 3,536-^6.35 = 557 spindles. 

Allowing 96 spindles to a frame, we get: 

557 -7- 96 = 6 frames. 

SLUBBERS. 

Spindle production 3,400 lbs. Allow 8% for waste of ma- 
terial between slubber roving and yarn, then: 3,400X1.08 = 
3,672 lbs. of roving required from the slubbers. 

Speed of flyer 650 R. P. M. Size of bobbin 12 x 6 inches. 
Hank roving .66. Twist per inch is V .66 x 1.2 = .97 turns. 



ORGANIZATION SHEETS. 163 

Front roll l 1 ^" in diameter. Time lost 20%. Production con- 
stant, based on above conditions, is 10.31. 

Then: 10.31 

= 16.11 lbs. per spindle. 

.97X.66 

And: 3,672 -r- 16.11 = 228 spindles. 

Allowing 56 spindles to a frame, we get: 

228 -4- 56 = 4 frames. 

DRAWING. 

Spindle production 3,400 lbs. Allow 10% for loss of material 
between drawing sliver and yarn, then: 3.400 x 1.10 = 3,740 lbs. 
sliver required from the draw frames. 

Speed of front roll 350 R. P. M. 13/ 8 " metallic front roll, 
32 pitch. Weight of sliver 49 grains. Loss of time 20%. Pro- 
duction constant, under above conditions, is .01095. 

Then: .01095X350X49 = 188 lbs. per delivery. 
And: 3,672 -*- 188 = 19.5 or 20 deliveries. 

Using 4 deliveries per head gives one drawing frame of 5 
heads with 4 deliveries each for each process of drawing. Use 
two processes. 

CARDS. 

Spindle production 3,400 lbs. Allow 12 per cent, for loss of 
material between card sliver and yarn, then : 

3,400 X 1.12 = 3.808 lbs. sliver required from the cards. 

Diameter of doffer clothed 27.75". Speed of doffer 14 R. P. M. 
Wt. of sliver 49 grs. Time lost 10%. Production constant, based 
on above conditions, is .2111. 

Then: .2111 X 14 X 49 = 145 lbs. per card. 
And: 3,808 -*- 145 = 26.2 or 26 cards. 

PICKERS. 

Spindle production 3,400 lbs. Allow 20% for loss of material 
between finished laps and yarn, then : 

3,400 X 1.20 = 4,080 lbs. of lap required from the finishers. 

Speed of lap rolls 7.75 R. P. M. Diameter of lap rolls 9". 
Weight of laps 11.2 ozs. per yd. Time lost 20%. Production con- 
stant, based on above conditions, is 23.56. 

Then: 23.56X7.75X11.2 = 2,038 lbs. per picker. 
And: 4.080 -f- 2.038 = 2 finisher pickers. 



164 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS 

This will call for 2 intermediate pickers and one breaker and 
one opener picker, the last two to be connected by dust trunk or 
other suitable connection. 

In the above figures, the allowance made for loss of mate- 
rial at the different processes, includes the waste of all sorts, a 
good deal of which, of course, is perfectly clean and can be used 
over. 

In attempting to run the foregoing program with the 
equipment worked out, there will, in all probability, be some 
discrepancies that will cause a little trouble, but none that cannot 
be overcome by readjusting some of the speeds, etc. There should 
be a certain amount of elasticity in every program, as the loss 
cf time varies with the efficiency of the operatives and the qual- 
ity of work done, as well as the speed used; the production like- 
wise varies from the same causes. Reducing the speed of fly 
frames will often increase the production from the fact that 
there will be a less amount of lost time due to breakage of the 
roving, etc. 

In many cases higher and lower speeds than those given are 
used with good results, greater and less productions obtained, 
more and less time lost by stoppages, etc., but the allowances 
made and the results obtained as given here are such as can be 
equalled and in many cases exceeded, by any well-organized and 
well-managed mill. 

LOOM EQUIPMENT. 

In our previous figuring we have not taken into considera- 
tion any calculations for determining the production or number 
of looms, the figures given being intended for a mill making 
yarns for the market. When figuring a program for a weaving 
mill, the number of looms to install and the size to spin our warp 
and filling must be settled. It is first necessary to decide upon 
the style of goods to be made, that is, the weight per yard, the 
width and the number of threads of warp and filling to use. 

Suppose it is desired to build a mill to produce plain cloth, 
40 inches wide, 68 threads of warp and filling each per inch and 
to weight 4 yards per pound. This would be expressed as, 68 X 68, 
40 inches, 4 yard goods. The looms are to run 160 picks per min- 
ute and allow for 15 per cent, loss of time. The mill is to contain 
20,000 spindles. 

We must first determine the sizes of warp and filling yarns 
to spin to make a cloth of the above construction. To do this we 
must figure the average number of yarn in the cloth and from this 
we can decide upon the size warp yarn to use and figure the cor- 
responding size of filling yarn. On the above class of goods we 



ORGANIZATION SHEETS. 165 

can figure the warp and filling to take-up about 8 per cent, in 
weaving and the increase in weight of warp, due to sizing, as 6 
per cent. 

Then : 68 x 40 == 2,720 ends in the warp, and, 2,720 + 24 = 
2,744 ends in the warp including 24 extra ends for selvedges. 

As the warp contracts 8 per cent, in weaving, it will take 
108 yards of warp to weave 100 yards of cloth, then : 2,744 x 
108 = 296,352 yards of yarn in 100 yards of cloth. We can fig- 
ure the increase in the weight of warp yarn, due to the added size, 
as an increase in the number of yards and get correct results, 
then: 296,352 X 1.06 = 314,133.12 yards of warp yarn allowing 
for take-up in weaving and sizing. And: 314,133.12 -f- 840 
= 373.76 hanks of warp yarn in 100 yards of cloth. 

The width in the loom will be found as follows: 

40 -v- .92 = 43.47 inches. 

Then: 43.47X68X100 

= 351.9 hanks of filling in 100 yards of cloth. 

840 

And : 373.76 + 351.9 = 725.66 total hanks of yarn in 100 
yards of cloth. The cloth weighs 4 yards per pound and 100 yards 
will weigh 25 pounds, hence: 

725.66 -=- 25 = 29.02 or 29_'s counts of warp and filling yarn to spin. 

As it is customary to spin the warp 3 to 8 numbers coarser 
than the filling, we will assume that the warp is to be spun 27's 
counts and work out the required size of filling. We found that 
there would be 373.76 hanks of warp yarn in 100 yards of cloth, 
therefore : 373.76 -f- 27 === 13.84 pounds as the weight of the warp 
yarn, and: 25 — 13.84 = 11.16 pounds as the weight of the filling 
yarn. As there are 351.9 hanks of filling yarn in 100 yards of 
cloth, then: 351.9^-11.16 = 31.53 or. practically 3L5^s counts 
of filling yarn required. 

We have figured the warp, in 100 yards of cloth, to weigh 
13.84 pounds and the filling 11.16 pounds which gives 55.3 per 
cent, warp and 44.7 per cent, filling. Then, for every 100 pounds 
of yarn spun there would be 55.3 pounds of warp and 44.7 pounds 
of filling and the total spindles in the mill will have to be divided 
between warp and filling so as to spin the yarns according to the 
above proportion. 

SPINDLES. 

Assume the warp spindles to have a speed of 9,500 R. P. M. 
and allow for 10 per cent, loss of time. Production constant, for 
above conditions, is 165. The twist is 24.68 turns per inch. 

Rule for using production constant: 



166 COTTON MILL MACHINERY CALCULATIONS 

Constant divided by the counts of the yarn multiplied by the 
twist per inch equals the pounds per spindle per day of 10 hours 

Then: 165 -f- 27 X 24.68 = .247 pounds per spindle per day. 
Therefore: 55.3 -r- .247 = 224 warp spindles. 

Assume the filling spindles to have a speed of 8,300 R. P. M. 
and allow for 10 per cent, loss of time. Production constant, for 
above conditions, is 147. Then: 147 -f- 31.5 x 18.24 = .255 
pounds per spindle per day. Therefore : 44.7 -f- .255 = 175 filling 
spindles. This gives a total of 399 spindles to produce the above 
amount of warp and filling yarns in the proportion needed for the 
cloth, 56 per cent, being warp spindles and 44 per cent, being fill- 
ing spindles and the total 20,000 spindles contained in the mill 
must be divided according to the above percentages. This gives 
11,200 warp spindles and 8,800 filling spindles. The above divided 
into frames of 208 spindles each will give 54 warp frames and 
42 filling frames. 

The production of a warp spindle was found to be .247 
pounds per day, then : 11,200 x .247 == 2,766 pounds of warp yarn 
produced per day. The production of a filling spindle was found 
to be .255 pounds per day, then : 8,880 x .255 = 2,244 pounds of 
filling yarn produced per day. Then the total amount of yarn 
produced will be : 2,766 + 2,244 = 5,010 pounds per day. Allow- 
ing for an average loss of 2 per cent, in weaving the above yarn 
into cloth, there would be only 4,909 pounds of cloth produced 
per day. 

LOOMS. 

The following rule will give the production per loom per day 
in pounds: 

Multiply the picks per minute by the minutes per day, with 
the allowance for loss of time, and divide this by the product of 
the picks per inch multiplied by 36 and by the yards in one pound 
of cloth. 

The loom speed was given as 160 picks per minute and the 
loss of time as 15 per cent., then the following will give the pro- 
duction per day: 

160 X 600 X. 85 

= 8.33 pounds per loom. 

68X36X4 

The figures above gave a production of 4,909 pounds of 
cloth per day, then : 4,909 ~- 8.33 = 558 looms. 

Assuming any given number of looms and figuring the num- 
ber of spindles required for them is a more direct method, but 



ORGANIZATION SHEETS. 167 

gives no very definite idea of the number of spindles required 
until the work is completed. Where it is desired to have a given 
number of spindles, the above method will give correct results. 

In installing the above spinning frames, it is advisable to or- 
der several frames fitted with combination builders so as to be 
able to spin either warp or filling on them. In this way the pro- 
cess is more elastic and permits the spinning of more or less warp 
or filling as the requirements of the case might call for. 



COTTON 
MACHINERY 




FEEDERS 

SELF-FEEDING OPENERS 

BREAKER, INTERMEDIATE AND FINISHER LAPPERS 

REVOLVING FLAT CARDS 

DRAWING FRAMES (Electric or Mechanical Stop Motion) 

SLUBB1NG, INTERMEDIATE, ROVING AND JACK FRAMES 

IMPROVED SPINNING! FRAMES 

TWISTERS FOR WET OR DRY WORK 

H. & B. AMERICAN MACHINE COMPANY 



PAWTUCKET, R. I. 



BOSTON OFFICE 

65 Franklin St. 
C. E. RILEY, Pres 



ATLANTA OFFICE 

814 Empire Bldg. 
E.CHAPPELL.So. Rep. 



^ 



J 



| COTTON MILL MACHINERY T 
I SPECIALISTS 

POTTER & JOHNSTON MACHINE CO. 

PAWTUCKET, R. I. 

Picking Machinery and Revolving Flat Cards 

WOONSOCKET MACHINE & PRESS CO. { 

WOONSOCKET, R. I. j 

Drawing Frames and Roving Machinery * 

f 
FALES & JENKS MACHINE CO. f 

PAWTUCKET, R. I. | 

Spinning and Twisting Frames 4 

4 

EASTON & BURNHAM MACHINE CO. 

PAWTUCKET, R. I. 

Spooling and Winding Machinery 



PAWTUCKET, R. I. * 



| T. C. ENTWISTLE CO. 

J, LOWELL, MASS. 

4> Warping, Beaming and Balling Machinery 



| SOUTHERN AGENT | 

! J. H. Mayes, - - Charlotte, N. C. f 

1 1112 Independence Building |> 

& # 



THE 1 

Whitin Machine Works 1 



f WHITINSVILLE, MASS. 

i 

BUILDERS OF 

COTTON MILL 
MACHINERY 



! 

t 
4* 



* 



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Cards, Combers, Drawing Frames, 

Roving Frames, 

Spinning Frames, Spoolers, * 

Twisters, Reels, f 

Long Chain Quillers, Looms and f 

Dob bies f 



SOUTHERN AGENT t 

t STUART W. CRAMER } 

CHARLOTTE, N. C. J 



^•^•^•^•^.•^.•^.•^.#~ # .^..^. # ^ # ^«^t^ 



<§> For the best results on your spinning frames, they £ 
should be equipped with our 



■# 



«• 



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■ego- 



Rabbeth Centrifugal Clutch 
Spindles 

Mirror Spinning Rings 

(Trade Mark Reg. U. S. Patent Office) 

Rhoades-Chandler Separators 

Shaw & Flynn Lifting Rod 

Clearers 

AND 

Speakman Lever Screws 



* 



* 



* 



<§> 



o 



DRAPER COMPANY 

HOPEDALE, MASS* f 

J. D. GLOUDMAN, Southern Agent, 

40 So. Forsyth St., Atlanta, Ga. 4 



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F ApM More Wages for the Weaver { 
JLrl JaIN Larger Dividends for the Mill 



NORTHROP LOOMS 



TRADE MARK REGISTERED 



♦ 



♦ 






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DRAPER COMPANY 



* 



! HOPEDALE, MASS. 



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♦ 



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if*»H§H»«^«««gh*-<§H«H§t-».^»M§H»H^«*«fH»K^»S>^»^W»«^ 



SACO-LOWELL SHOPS 



NEWTON UPPER FALLS-LOWELL-BIDDEFORD 



^ 



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GOMPLETE GOTTON MILL 
EQUIPMENTS 



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{% 



CARDS DRAWING 

SLUBBERS INTERMEDIATES 

FINE FRAMES JACK FRAMES 

SPINNING FRAMES TWISTERS 

SPOOLERS WARPERS SLASHERS 

WARPER BEAMS SIZE KETTLES 

SIZE PUMPS SIZE SYSTEMS 

BALLERS DUCKBEAMERS | 

PLAIN FANCY AND DUCK LOOMS 
CAMLESS WINDERS 



SOUTHERN OFFICE: 

CHARLOTTE, N. C 

ROGERS W. DAVIS, SOUTHERN AGENT 



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| SACO-LOWELL SHOPS 

NEWTON UPPER FALLS— LOWELL- BIDDEFORD 
MANUFACTURERS OF COMPLETE 

I PICKING AND WASTE RECLAIMING 

EQUIPMENTS 



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Bale Breakers Conveying Systems 
Condensers Distributors 

Breaker Lappers Intermediates 
Finisher Lappers Thread Extractors 
Roving Waste Openers 

Hard Waste Openers 
Card and Picker Waste Cleaners 
t 4-Coiler Waste Cards Lap Winders 



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SOUTHERN OFFICE: 

CHARLOTTE, N. C. 

ROGERS W. DAVIS, SOUTHERN AGENT 



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^••^••^•^•^.•..•.^•^•^•^.•^•^•^.•^^•.^•^•^.•^.•^.•^••^••"••^.•^•^•••^.•^ 



COTTON MILL MACHINERY 



GARDS SPINNING 



MASON 



f 

■ 
t 



| MACHINE WORKS j 

f TAUNTON, MASS. f 

i MULES LOOMS »t 



I Southern Office, Charlotte, N. C. EDWIN HOWARD, Agent T 

i . * 

$ Wm, Firth, Pres. Edwin Barnes, Vice-Pres. John H. Nelson, Treas« ^ 

I WILLIAM FIRTH COMPANY 

558-559 John Hancock Bldg., 200 Devonshire St., Boston, Mass. 

X Sole Importers of 

I ASA LEES & COMPANY, LIMITED 

I TEXTILE MACHINERY 

4* of every description for cotton, woolen and worsted 



<:> 



+- 



f SOLE AGENTS FOR 4 

!*■ Joseph Stubbs, Limited, Gassing, Winding and Reeling Machinery for Cotton, Worsted ? 

; and Silk. *f 

^ George Orme & Co , Patent Hank Indicators, Etc. ? 

1 William Tatham, Limited, Waste Machinery y 

I R. Centner Fils, Heddles. *f 

'? Goodbrand & Co., Yarn Testing Machinery, Warp Reels, Etc. £ 

; Joshua Kershaw & Son, English Roller Skins, Etc. *T 
* Buckley & Crossley, Spindles, Flyers and Pressers, Etc. 

George Smith, Doffer Combs, Etc. T 

? Bradford Steel Pin Co., Comber Pins. J, 

^ ALSO AGENTS FOR J 

i Joseph Sykes Bros., Hardened and tempered steel Card Clothing for Cotton. fy- 
'? Dronsfield Bros., Limited, Emery Wheel Grinders, Emery Fillet and Flat Grinding • 

> Machines. <§> 

it United Velvet Cutters Association, Limited, Corduroy Cutting Machines, Etc. • 

George Thomas & Co.. Tachometers, &e. <f> 

i. • 

Pick Glasses, Leather Aprons, Patent Wire Chain Aprons. 4* 



CALL ON US 
WHEN YOU COME TO TOWN 



MODERN POWER PLANTS STEAM HYDRAULIC ELECTRIC 


A, H. WASHBURN CO. 


CONTRACTING 


ENGINEERS 


CHARLOTTE, N. C. 


REALTY BLDG. 


SOUTHERN AGENTS 




FORT WAYNE ELECTRIC WORKS 


CURTIS S MARBLE MACHINE CO. 




HOOVEN, OWENS RENTSCHLER COMPANY 


BOOMER & BOSCHERT PRESS COMPANY 




LOMBARD IRON WORKS AND SUPPLY CO. 


H. W. BUTTERWORTH & SONS COMPANY 




WH1TLOCK COIL PIPE COMPANY 


TOLHURST MACHINE WORKS 




AMERICAN BLOWER COMPANY 


C. G. SARGENT'S SONS CORPORATION 




LAIDLAW, DUNN, GORDON COMPANY 


DELAHUNTY DYEING MACHINE COMPANY 




GOLDEN FOUNDRY AND MACHINE CO 



YOU WILL BE 
CORDIALLY RECEIVED 






PICKING MACHINERY 

REVOLVING FLAT CARDS 

LAP WINDERS 

DRAWING FRAMES 

EVENER DRAWING 

FRAMES 




WE WANT YOU TO 
LEARN ABOUT THE 
MANY IMPROVE- 
MENTS WE HAVE 
MADE 



SAGO-LOWELL 
SHOPS 

BUILDERS OF 

IMPROVED 

COTTON 

MILL 

MACHINERY 



WORKS AT 

NEWTON UPPER FALLS, MASS. 

BIDDEFORD, MAINE 

LOWELL, MASS. 



SLUBBERS 
INTERMEDIATES FINE 

and 
JACK ROVING FRAMES 

SPINNING FRAMES 
SPOOLERS and REELS 




WE WANT EVERY- 
BODY TO KNOW 
HOW WELL WE 
BUILD OUR 
MACHINERY 




ROGERS W. DAVIS 

SOUTHERN AGENT 

Suite 1000 Realty Building 

CHARLOTTE, N. C. 

WRITE 'FOR CATALOGUE 




f Manufacturers should look up the advantages of 

! The Metallic 



i 



A 



Drawing Roll 



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f Over the leather system before placing orders for f 

t new machinery, or, if contemplating an increase f 

t in production, have them applied to their old | 

f machinery. 



25 TO 33 PER CENT 

I More Production Guaranteed 

i Saves : Roll Covering, Varnishing, Floor Space, Power, 

• Waste and Wear. 

t One-Third Less Weight Required 

• 

f Runs Successfully on : Railway Heads, Drawing Frames, 

f Sliver Laps, Ribbon Laps, Comber Draw Boxes, 

i Detaching Rolls, Slubbers and Intermediate Roving 

1 Frames. 



• Write for points claimed and particulars to 

! THE METALLIC DRAWING ROLL CO. 

|. Indian Orchard, Massachusetts 



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TheHigbest Standard of 
Loom Harness Quality 



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Let us tell you more about these Harnesses. 
GARLAND MFG. CO., Saco, Maine * 



♦ 



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♦ 



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Those who use our loom harnesses 
little realize how many harnesses 
fail to pass the rigid inspection 
• which they are obliged to undergo. 
We criticize our own work more 
severely than it is criticized by 
anyone else and throw out harnesses 
which probably would not be criti- 
cized by the user. It is this 
policy which has given our harnesses 
a reputation for always being uni- 
form in quality. 






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This Spinning Frame 

was originally built wiih ordinary plain bearings on the two large vertical 
shafts. 7s horsepower was required to run it, and the plain bearings heated 
so that the machine had to be stopped after a half-hour's run. 

ESS 'BRIGHT BALL BEARINGC 

\^.ilt for* E/nduranoe VJ 

were substituted for the plain bearings. The power required was thereby 
reduced to 2% horsepower, and the machine runs all day without heating. 

The Hess-Brights require oiling only about once in six months, and no other 
r "' ';' — , attention of any sort. They are permanently 

snug, as well as cool and free-running. 

Hess-Brights are solving difficult bearing 
problems for many builders and users of 
" >^ textile machinery. 

Hess Bright Ball Bearing Line Shaft 
Hangers are the most frictionless and most 
• \ durable of their kind. The highest in price, 
they are the most economical in the end. 

Our Engineering Department will answer 
your request for further information. 

THE HESS-BRIGHT MFG. COMPANY 
55 East Erie Ave., Philadelphia. Pa. 




4 









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THE STANDARD SINCE 1835 " t 

HOYT'S FLINT STONE LEATHER BELTING ! 

• • 
f rpHE best drawn and nyst exacting belt specifications f 

JL will not insure your getting the best belt for your I 

f service. f 

f Your machinery might require an extra heavy single • f 

4 belt, — or on the other hand a light double thick one would f 

4 more favorably influence toward the highest machine 4 

4 efficiency. 4 

4 Hoyt's Flintstone Leather Belting is cut and built 4 

i with a view to its meeting the most exacting require- 4 

•* ments of shop and machine tool operation. ? 

i Two different Hoyt's Flintstone Belts, designed to • 

f meet the same conditions will gauge up to within almost t 

4 micrometer measurement of each other. 4 

• ■■'"■".."-■'■ • 

<f> We have employes who have been with us for over f 

4 forty years (and younger ones following in their foot- o 

4 steps) who have never worked elsewhere. These men 4 

i will gauge a hide to make a certain weight belt and when 4 

T the belt is built an accurate scale will show their selection • 

f to have been as nearly correct as predetermination can f 

$ make - t 

i That is but one feature of the expert service that j^ 

f helps to make Flintstone Leather Belting the best that's • 

f made. f 

f Let our corps of belting engineers suggest the solu- f 

• tion of your problems. f 



ESTATE 



Edward R. Ladew 






f GLEN GOVE, N. Y. f 

4 Charlotte, N. C. New York Boston Pittsburg 4 

• Philadelphia Newaik, N. J. Chicago Tacoma 

J Portland, Ore. Providence, R. I. Atlanta Milwaukee T 

& * 



EMMONS LOOM J 
! HARNESS CO. J 

i MAY STREET, LAWRENCE, MASS. A 



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COTTON HARNESS, MAIL HARNESS AND REEDS 

For Cotton, Duck, Worsted and Silk Goods 

SELVEDGE HARNESS 

Any depth up to 24 inches, for weaving Tape Selvedges 

Beamer and Dresser Hecks Mending Eyes and Mending Twine 

Warper and Leice Reeds 

Mail Jacquard Heddles 
Cotton Selvedges 



Slasher and Striking Combs 



i Baked 



English Harness 
Mail Harness 



' French Braided Heddles Mail Selvedges 

For Broad Silks and Ribbons 



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<!> 



U Emmons t False Reed ff or Thread Clearer I 



Patented Feb. 13, 1906 
A CLEARER MADE OF THREAD, BAKED FINISH 

Will wear as long as the harness 



+ 

4 



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ALFRED SUTER 



TEXTILE 
ENGINEER 



200 Fifth Avenue, New York 




AUTOMATIC STRENGTH AND 

ELASTICITY TESTER 

FOR YARNS 



Importer of Baer's Yarn and 
Cloth Testing Apparatus 

such as 

Direct Yarn Numbering Scales 

Yarn and Roving Reels 

Twist Testers 

Strength Testers 

Conditioning Ovens 

Evenness Testers 

Microscopes 

Pick Counters 

Hank Counters for Spinning 

Frames, etc. 

also 

Warp Sizing Machines 

Yarn Conditioning Apparatus 

Yarn and Cloth Mercerizing 

Machines of Latest Types 

Catalogues and Information 
gladly forwarded 



"* 









if* 



^ 



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NEW TWIST TESTER WITH TAKE-UP REGISTER AND MAGNIFYING GLASS 
FOR SPINNING TWIST 



^••^••^••^••^••••••^••^••^••■^•••t^^ 



• «§*«H§*»*§J«»^«>^HI 



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• •^•••^•^•••^♦••^•••^ 




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Berlin Aniline Works 

Main Office: 213-215 Water Street, New York 
Branches : Boston ; Ghicago ; Philadelphia ; Montreal 

SOUTHERN BRANCH 

TRUST BUILDING, CHARLOTTE, N, C 



Dyes for All Textile Purposes 

Direct Colors, Sulphur Golors, Developed 
Colors, Aniline Salt, Aniline Oil, etc. 

Constantly bringing out New and Improved Products 

Capable Salesmen and Expert Demonstrators 
connected with all offices 



* 



i The Most Popular Dye Goncern in the World J> 



Economical Cotton 

Dyeing and Bleaching 

In the Psarski Dyeing Machine 



Saves Labor 
Saves Dyes 
Saves Drugs 

Saves Steam 
Saves Water 




Saves 
Fibre 




Sulphur — Developed — Vat Dyes 

Done Equally Well 

RAW STOCK DYEING— ^ e cotton 8 oes t° cards in as good condition as directly from bales. 

—— — — ^— — — ^— ^— — ^^— — Is not rolled into balls and strings. 

BLEACHING Bleached and washed PERFECTLY CLEAN— FREE FROM CHLOR1N OR ACID. 

^ — — 3% hours to batch. Is not pounded and twisted into practically waste. 

SKEIN DYEING ^° Boiling Out — No Tangles— Yarns are left Smooth and in perfect condition for 

— ^ -^_— _ -winding, knitting, etc. 

HOSIERY- Recommended size of machine does 300 pounds to batch, SULPHUR OR DEVELOPED 

— -^— ^— ^ BLACKS. It is not Roughed — No Singeing required — No Sorting — No Damaged. 

15 to 20 per cent Saving in Drugs 

The Psarski Dyeing Machine Co. 



3167 Fulton Road 



CLEVELAND, OHIO 



F. J. MUIR 
Greensboro, N. C. 
Agent Southern States 



WM. INMAN 

964 No. Cambridge St., Milwaukee 

Agent Western States 



R. D. BOOTH 

933 No. Broad St, Philadelphia 

Agent Eastern States 



{ Problems in Dyeing | 



w 



-^ 



E are prepared to dye any shade upon 
any fabric submitted, or we will 
match any required shade and sub- 
mit exact dyeing directions. Infor- 
mation of a technical nature cheerfully 
given. No charge is made for such service, 
and in accepting it there is no obligation to 
purchase from us anything that you can 
buy or that you think you can buy to better 
advantage elsewhere. 



r 



*f i advantage elsewhere. - T 

i Cassella Color Company I 

182-184 Front Street : New York ? 

f BOSTON, 39 Oliver Street PHILADELPHIA 126-1 28 S. Front St. • 

• PROVIDENCE, 64 Exchange Place ATLANTA, 47 N. Pry or St. f 
J> MONTREAL, 59 William Street $ 

• • 

• • 

^ • & 

4 P|E HAVEN'S High Carbon Steel Spinning Travelers, 4- 

& Bronze Composition and Bronze Twister Travelers, f 

Specially treated Travelers for silk spinning. • 

DE HAVEN'S High Carbon Steel Spinning Traveler * 

is the only Traveler on the market made from steel wire in 1 

which the hardening elements are introduced before the 4 

4 Travelers are formed. They are the most uniform in 4 

temper, and the most durable Travelers manufactured- T 

4> 

MADE ONLY BY I 



<^ 



| De Haven Manufacturing Go. 



4 



50 Columbia Heights BROOKLYN, N. Y. 

BRANCHES 
Chicago, San Francisco, Glasgow and London 



* 



#■ 4> 

i ~~-> m 

• WILLIAM FIRTH. Pres, FRANK B. COMINS, Vice- Pres. and Treas. fy 

• • 

J AMERICAN MOISTENING COMPANY J 

t J 20 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass. f 

f Comins Sectional Humidifier t 

f Makes This System Absolutely Perfect | 

• Our system has been most advantageously adopted by the representative mills of A 
^ this country. Our system will increase your production and overcome troublesome 5 

i electricity, making your carding, spinning and weaving run much better. It will reduce A 

^ your waste account and generally prove a profitable investment. With our system a ; 

f PERFECT -CARDING, SPINNING OR WEAVING ATMOSPHF RE 

i IN ANY CLIMATE OR WEATHER IS ASSURED • 

• ! & 

i Over 70,000 of our Humidifiers in Operation f 

• tit- 
Purifies the Air and makes it Healthier for the Workpeople JT 

40k Write for Booklet on Humidification • 

l & 

f Southern Representative: JOHN HILL 

A Atlanta., Ga. • 

% f 

{ IT PAYS TO USE THE BEST § 

A SHUTTLE POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN 



# 



•£<* 



of* 



THE GAIN IN EFFICIENCY 
OF YOUR LOOMS AND THE 
LESSENED YEARLY COST FOR 
SHUTTLES WARRANT USING 

SHAMBOW SHUTTLES 



<? 





* 



f 



W00NS0CKET, R. I. 

l rfl/ >HD THREADING ^ | 



What 


4c a Month 


Will Do for You 


• 




You buy your magazines for their 






value to you and irrespective of 






their price. You are not adverse 






to getting big value at small cost. 






Here it is. 






COTTON will bring you the 






best ideas of a long line of able 






and practical men. These men 






are paid contributors. You could 






not buy their individual service and 






advice short of many hundreds of 






dollars. 






For $1 you can get COTTON 






two years. It will contain over 






800 pages of reading matter per- 






taining to textile work. Almost an 






encyclopedia of textile information. 






Sample copy free on request. 




COT 


TON PUBLISHING G( 


3. 


Atlanta, Ga. 






I "The Blue Book/* Textile Directory 



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The only 
Textile 
Directory 
issued with 



OMT<;DSTATtS_ 
andCahada. ^TeXTILC 
DIRCCTORY. 

WITH 

patent Index, Maps. 
Textile Supply Directory 

4ndcla5sified directory of mllls. 



DAVISON PUBLISHING CO. 
407BR0ADWAY. NEW YORK. 



thumb 
indexes 
for quick 
reference. 



Contains the Latest Reports from all 

Cotton Goods Converters 

Yarn Dealers 

Raw Silk Importers, Dealers, Etc. 

Cotton Dealers 

Mattress Manufacturers 

Wool and Hair Dealers 

Waste Dealers and Manufacturers 

Wholesale Rag Dealers 

Fibre Brokers 



Cotton Mills 

Woolen and Worsted Mills 

Carpet Mills 

Silk Mills 

Knitting Mills 

Jute, Linen and Flax Mills 

Canadian Mills 

Dyers, Finishers and Bleachers 

Dry Goods Commission Merchants 



Separate List of New Mills 

Textile Maps of the New England States. Middle Atlantic States, Middle Western 
States and Southern States, showing all Towns at which Mills are located 

List of 572 Railroads on which Textile Mill Towns are located 

Thumb Index dividing Office Edition into 14 Sections, Pocket Edition into 12 Sections 

Alphabetical Index to Mills and Owners 

Classified Directory of Cotton and Woolen Mills, showing under each heading all Mills 
making each line of goods, with Nos. of Yarns made by Spinners 

Textile Supply Directory, giving Manufacturers of Chemicals, Dye Stuffs, Yarns 
Textile Machinery and Supplies of all kinds, this enabling the trade to communicate 
with first hands. < __________^_^_ 

A SPECIMEN MILL REPORT 

SOUTH CAROLINA, 

LANCASTER, Lancaster Co. (N.) Pop. 3,500. RR. 250.443. 

Lancaster Cotton Mills. Inc. 1905. Cap. $1,000,000. Leroy Springs, Pres.; W. C. 
Thomson, Sec, Treas, and Buyer; A. H. Robbins, Supt. Sheetings and 1 to 30 
Single and Ply Yarns for market. 120 Cards. 1,578 Broad Looms 74,184 Ring 
Spindles. 11 Boilers. Electric Power. Employ 1,050- Deering, Milliken & Co., 
N. Y. and Boston Selling Agts. for Cloth; Yarns sold direct. 



♦ 



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J> Office Edition, 1,100 Pages, Price $4, Delivered. Pocket Edition, 1,000 Pages, Price $3, Delivered i 

• Circular giving full contents sent on request • 

t DAVISON PUBLISHING COMPANY, 407 Broadway, New York f 



^•^•^•^••^••"•■^•^••^•^•^•^••^•^^•^••^•^.•^••-••^•^••^••^••^•^•^••^ 



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FIRE : LIGHTNING : WINDSTORM 




HOME 



INSURANCE COMPANY f 
NEW YORK f 



ELBBIDGE G. SNOW, President 



Organized 1853 



Main Offices 56 Cedar St. 



Cash Capital. $3,000,000 



Assets, January 1, 1912 . 

Liabilities (Including Capital) 

Reserve as a Conflagration Surplus . 

Net Surplus over all Liabilities and Reserves 

Surplus as Regards Policy Holders 

Losses Paid Since Organization, over . 



$32,146,565 

16,521,125 

1,800,000 

13,815,440 

18,615,440 

132,000,000 



Any one interested in maintaining a manufacturing or distributing plant may have, 
for the asking, helpful suggestions and proper advices relating to the Standards of 
CONSTRUCTION and PROTECTION and safeguarding of the FIRE HAZARD by 
applying to the agents of the HOME INSURANCE COMPANY, anywhere, or to the 
Department of Improved Risks, 56 Cedar Street, New York City. 



FULL 



NORTH CAROLINA 

A. and M. COLLEGE. 

EQUIPMENT FOR PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL 
INSTRUCTION IN COTTON MANUFACTURING. 

COURSE OF INSTRUCTION: 



2. 
3. 



Two Year Course in Cotton Manufacturing. 
Four Year Course in Cotton Manufacturing. 
Textile Chemistry and Dyeing. 

The courses include Picking; Carding; Combing; Ring and Mule 
Spinning; Warp Preparation; Designing; Plain, Dobby and Jacquard 
Weaving; Textile Chemistry and Dyeing; Mill Accounting. 

For catalogue and other information, address, 

THOMAS NELSON, 

WEST RALEIGH, N. C. 



* 



t TEXTILE DEPARTMENT ! 



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HECKMAN 

BINDERY INC. 

t MAY 90 

N. MANCHESTER 




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